Cristobalite in Volcanic Ash of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies

Baxter, P. J.; Bonadonna, Costanza; Dupree, R.; Hards, V.; Kohn, Simon C.; Murphy, M. D.; Nichols, A. R.; Nicholson, Robert A.; Norton, G. E.; Searl, Alison; Sparks, R. S. J.; Vickers, B.P.

doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1142

Cited by 167 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…by traffic, cleaning, horticulture) and pose a significant threat to human health (e.g. Baxter et al, 1999). In addition, integrating aggregation into operational forecast models of tephra dispersal is essential to avoid mismatches between predicted and observed ash concentrations in the atmosphere (especially at distances 100s-1000s km from the volcano) during explosive eruptions.…”

Section: Discussion Conclusion and Suggestions For Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Brown

Bonadonna

Durant

2012

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

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237

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. (2012) 'A review of volcanic ash aggregation.', Physics and chemistry of the earth, parts A/B/C., 45-46 . pp. 65-78. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce. 2011.11.001 Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractMost volcanic ash particles with diameters < 63 µm settle from eruption clouds as particle aggregates that cumulatively have larger sizes, lower densities, and higher terminal fall velocities than individual constituent particles. Particle aggregation reduces the atmospheric residence time of fine ash, which results in a proportional increase in fine ash fallout within 10s km to 100s km from the volcano and a reduction in airborne fine ash mass concentrations 1000s km from the volcano. Aggregate characteristics vary with distance from the volcano: proximal aggregates are typically larger (up to cm size) with concentric structures, while distal aggregates are typically smaller (sub-millimetre size). Particles comprising ash aggregates are bound through hydro-bonds (liquid and ice water) and electrostatic forces, and the rate of particle aggregation correlates with cloud liquid water availability. Eruption source parameters (including initial particle size distribution, erupted mass, eruption column height, cloud water content and temperature) and the eruption plume temperature lapse rate, coupled with the environmental parameters, determines the type and spatiotemporal distribution of aggregates. Field studies, lab experiments and modelling investigations have already provided important insights on the process of particle aggregation. However, new integrated observations that combine remote sensing studies of 2 ash clouds with field measurement and sampling, and lab experiments are required to fill current gaps in knowledge surrounding the theory of ash aggregate formation. Abstract word count: 222

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Section: Discussion Conclusion and Suggestions For Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Brown

Bonadonna

Durant

2012

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

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237

298

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“…Pyroclastic flows and associated ash plumes generated by partial lava dome collapse at andesitic Soufriere Hills volcano (Montserrat) have 10-27 wt.% tridymite plus cristobalite with minor quartz in their <10-μm size fraction (41). The tridymite and cristobalite are inferred to have formed by vapor-phase crystallization and devitrification of rhyolitic glass (∼78 wt.% SiO 2 ) within the lava dome.…”

Section: Tridymite Formation Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unit cell parameters were refined for tridymite, plagioclase, sanidine, and magnetite ( Table 3). The two most abundant crystalline minerals are plagioclase (43 wt.% of crystalline material; ∼An 41 ) and tridymite (34 wt.%). All tridymite principal diffraction intensities (10) are present and well defined at instrument resolution (Table 4 and Fig.…”

Section: Buckskin Mineralogical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Morris

Vaniman

Blake

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

187

230

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Tridymite, a low-pressure, high-temperature (>870°C) SiO 2 polymorph, was detected in a drill sample of laminated mudstone (Buckskin) at Marias Pass in Gale crater, Mars, by the Chemistry and Mineralogy X-ray diffraction instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity. The tridymitic mudstone has ∼40 wt.% crystalline and ∼60 wt.% X-ray amorphous material and a bulk composition with ∼74 wt.% SiO 2 (Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer analysis). Plagioclase (∼17 wt.% of bulk sample), tridymite (∼14 wt.%), sanidine (∼3 wt.%), cation-deficient magnetite (∼3 wt.%), cristobalite (∼2 wt.%), and anhydrite (∼1 wt.%) are the mudstone crystalline minerals. Amorphous material is silica-rich (∼39 wt.% opal-A and/or high-SiO 2 glass and opal-CT), volatile-bearing (16 wt.% mixed cation sulfates, phosphates, and chlorides−perchlorates−chlorates), and has minor TiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 T oxides (∼5 wt.%). Rietveld refinement yielded a monoclinic structural model for a well-crystalline tridymite, consistent with high formation temperatures. Terrestrial tridymite is commonly associated with silicic volcanism, and detritus from such volcanism in a "Lake Gale" catchment environment can account for Buckskin's tridymite, cristobalite, feldspar, and any residual high-SiO 2 glass. These cogenetic detrital phases are possibly sourced from the Gale crater wall/rim/central peak. Opaline silica could form during diagenesis from high-SiO 2 glass, as amorphous precipitated silica, or as a residue of acidic leaching in the sediment source region or at Marias Pass. The amorphous mixed-cation salts and oxides and possibly the crystalline magnetite (otherwise detrital) are primary precipitates and/ or their diagenesis products derived from multiple infiltrations of aqueous solutions having variable compositions, temperatures, and acidities. Anhydrite is post lithification fracture/vein fill.Mars | tridymite | Gale crater | lake | volcanism T he Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity, has been exploring sedimentary rocks within Gale crater since landing in August 2012, and progressing upward through a sequence of strata exposed along the lower slopes of Aeolis Mons (informally known as Mount Sharp). This traverse has taken Curiosity through sequences of fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine sediments (e.g., ref. 1). On sol 1057 (the number of martian days since landing), Curiosity began preparations for collecting drill powder from high-silica sedimentary rock at a location named Buckskin. We describe the geologic setting of the Buckskin sample location, the detection of significant amounts of the silica polymorph tridymite by the MSL Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray diffraction instrument, and its implications for volcanism on Mars. Geologic SettingThe Buckskin outcrop is part of the Murray formation of lacustrine mudstones exposed in the Marias Pass area (SI Appendix, Figs. S1 and S2). The formation was previously studied in the Pahrump Hills (Fig. 1A). Here the laminae have a mean thickness of ∼0.5 mm and are characteristical...

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“…Emission can sometimes have severe implications for the atmosphere, life on Earth and human society. Volcanic clouds can have a significant impact on atmospheric chemistry and climate, both locally and on a global scale (Robock, 2000;Oppenheimer et al, 2011), and can strongly affect human health in the vicinity of the volcano, but the effects of a volcanic cloud may even be felt far from the volcano (Forbes et al, 2003;Baxter et al, 1999). Volcanic ash and -to a lesser extent -sulfuric gases are also major hazards to aviation.…”

Section: Volcanic Eruptions: a Threat To Aviation Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS): an online service for near-real-time satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes

Brenot

Theys

Clarisse

et al. 2014

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Volcanic eruptions emit plumes of ash and gases into the atmosphere, potentially at very high altitudes. Ashrich plumes are hazardous for airplanes as ash is very abrasive and easily melts inside their engines. With more than 50 active volcanoes per year and the ever-increasing number of commercial flights, the safety of airplanes is a real concern. Satellite measurements are ideal for monitoring global volcanic activity and, in combination with atmospheric dispersion models, to track and forecast volcanic plumes. Here we present the Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS, http: //sacs.aeronomie.be), which is a free online service initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) for the near-real-time (NRT) satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes of SO 2 and ash. It combines data from three ultraviolet (UV)-visible and three infrared (IR) spectrometers. The UV-vis sensors are the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) on-board the two polar orbiting meteorological satellites (MetOp-A & MetOp-B) operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The IR sensors are the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard MetOp-A & MetOp-B. This new multi-sensor warning system of volcanic emissions is based on the selective detection of SO 2 and ash. This system is optimised to avoid false alerts while at the same time limiting the number of notifications in case of large plumes. A successful rate with more than 95 % of notifications corresponding to true volcanic activity is obtained by the SACS system.

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Cristobalite in Volcanic Ash of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies

Cited by 167 publications

References 8 publications

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS): an online service for near-real-time satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes

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Cristobalite in Volcanic Ash of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies

Cited by 167 publications

References 8 publications

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO 2 sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS): an online service for near-real-time satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater