Criteria for Assessing Hearing Damage Risk From Impulse-Noise Exposure.

Coles, R. R. A.; Garinther, Georges R.; Hodge, David C.

doi:10.1037/e460812004-001

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…the probability of harm resulting from a hazardous exposure), ranging from early methods relying on the empirical relationship between changes in human hearing and (1) the fine structure of the impulse stimulus (e.g. Coles et al, 1967), (2) the overall (i.e. integrated) impulsive sound energy (e.g.…”

Section: Risk Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impulse noise generated by starter pistols

Meinke¹,

Finan²,

Soendergaard³

et al. 2013

International Journal of Audiology

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Objective-This study describes signals generated by .22 and .32 caliber starter pistols in the context of noise-induced hearing loss risk for sports officials and athletes.Design-Acoustic comparison of impulses generated from typical .22 and .32 caliber starter pistols firing blanks were made to impulses generated from comparable firearms firing both blanks and live rounds. Acoustic characteristics are described in terms of directionality and distance from the shooter in a simulated outdoor running track. Metrics include peak sound pressure levels (SPL), A-weighted equivalent 8-hour level (L eqA8 ), and maximum permissible number of individual shots, or maximum permissible exposures (MPE) for the unprotected ear.Results-Starter pistols produce peak SPLs above 140 dB. The numbers of MPEs are as few as five for the .22-caliber starter pistol, and somewhat higher (≤25) for the .32-caliber pistol.Conclusion-The impulsive sounds produced by starter pistols correspond to MPE numbers that are unacceptably small for unprotected officials and others in the immediate vicinity of the shooter. At the distances included in this study, the risk to athletes appears to be low (when referencing exposure criteria for adults), but the sound associated with the starter pistol will contribute to the athlete's overall noise exposure.Correspondence: Deanna K. Meinke Audiology and Speech-Language Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Campus Box 140, Greeley, CO 80639, USA. Deanna.Meinke@unco.edu. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Declaration of interest:Jacob Soendergaard is an employee of G.R.A.S. Sound and Vibration, a manufacturer of sound measurement instrumentation used in this research study. Athletic events have historically been started by using loud acoustic signals (e.g. track and field races). A trumpet blow was used by officials of the ancient Olympic Games beginning in the sixth century B.C. to start the Stadion (running race). Eventually, firearms replaced the trumpet as the acoustic signal source for a variety of sporting events (e.g. track and field, swimming, speed skating, horse racing). Prior to the widespread ability to rapidly transmit signals through wired or wireless networks, the sound produced by a firearm blast provided a recognizable and brief signal that traveled rapidly for great distances. The signal is purposely chosen to be loud and audible to the athletes, officials, and audience. HHS Public AccessThe common use of firearms for the purpose of starting sporting events eventually led to the development of starter pistols, a signaling device that replicates the general shape of a handgun but uses only "blank" cartridges (i.e. cartridges containing only combustible material or containing a combination of combustible and non-combustible materials, but no bullet or projectile). The black powder produces smoke that signals the race officials to tri...

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Section: Risk Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impulse noise generated by starter pistols

Meinke¹,

Finan²,

Soendergaard³

et al. 2013

International Journal of Audiology

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“…Owing in part to the impracticality of spectral analyses of such signals, acoustic analyses of the impulses were limited to the time waveform. [9] As a result of these measurement considerations, DRC developed at that time were based on parameters of the impulse waveform (e.g., peak amplitude, duration). In the United States, the predominant approach for assessing the potential for harm associated with an impulse noise is described in Military Standard 1474D.…”

Section: Waveform Parameter-based Drcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard was derived from a set of recommendations from the National Academies of Sciences Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Biomechanics (CHABA) that were published in 1968, [14] and was heavily influenced by a joint study conducted by military personnel in the United States and UK. [9] The works of Coles et al and CHABA pertained to unprotected exposures to impulses and were extended to people wearing hearing protectors by assuming that a single hearing protector attenuated peak levels by 29 dB.…”

Section: Waveform Parameter-based Drcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The A duration represents the duration of the pressure wave and is defined as the time interval between the onset of the impulse and the moment the time waveform first passes through the ambient pressure. [9] The A duration can be considered a characteristic of the energy of the explosive charge and will generally follow a Friedlander wavefunction. [3] The B duration represents the duration of the pressure envelope and is defined as the total amount of time within which the absolute value of the envelope of the impulse waveform resides within 20 dB of the instantaneous peak, including reflections and negative waveform amplitudes.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The B duration can be considered a characteristic of the environment in which combustion takes place, including for example the firearm and any reflective surfaces in the vicinity. [9] The C duration [10] is similar to the B duration, but it includes only the time interval within which the waveform resides within 10 dB of the instantaneous peak, including reflections and negative waveform amplitudes. The D duration [11] also represents the time interval in which the energy resides within 10 dB of the instantaneous peak, and in this sense it is similar to the C duration.…”

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Estimates of the auditory risk from outdoor impulse noise I: Firecrackers

2009

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Firecrackers are common impulse noise exposures in the United States. In this study, impulses produced outdoors by consumer firecrackers were recorded, described, and analyzed with respect to the amount of the auditory risk they pose to the unprotected listener under various listening conditions. Risk estimates were obtained using three contemporary damage risk criteria (DRC), including a waveform parameter-based approach (peak SPL and B duration), an energy-based criterion (A-weighted sound exposure level and equivalent continuous level), and a physiological model (the AHAAH model developed by Price and Kalb). Results from these DRC were converted into numbers of maximum permissible unprotected exposures to facilitate comparison. Acoustic characteristics of firecracker impulses varied with the distance, but only subtle differences were observed across firecrackers. Typical peak levels ranged between 171 dB SPL at 0.5 m and 142 dB SPL at 8 m. Estimates of the auditory risk did not differ significantly across firecrackers, but varied with the distance. Vast differences in maximum permissible exposures were observed, and the directions of the differences varied with the level of the impulse. Typical estimates of maximum permissible exposures ranged between 0 and 2 at 0.5 m and between 31 and 227,000 at 8 m. Unprotected exposures to firecracker impulses should be limited or avoided entirely if the firecrackers are ignited in batches within 8 m of the listener. Differences across DRC are inconsequential at 0.5 m, but have substantial implications at distances of 1 m and more.

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Bigger Caliber, Bigger Boom

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Criteria for Assessing Hearing Damage Risk From Impulse-Noise Exposure.

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Impulse noise generated by starter pistols

Impulse noise generated by starter pistols

Estimates of the auditory risk from outdoor impulse noise I: Firecrackers

Bigger Caliber, Bigger Boom

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