Critical Analysis of Human Exposure to Bisphenol A and Its Novel Implications on Renal, Cardiovascular and Hypertensive Diseases

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor involved in synthesizing numerous types of plastics, is detected in almost the entire population’s urine. The present work aims to estimate daily exposure to BPA by systematically reviewing all articles with original data related to urinary BPA concentration. This approach is based on human pharmacokinetic models, which have shown that 100% of BPA (free and metabolized form) is eliminated only in a few hours through urine. Several extensive population studies and experimental data have recently proven a significant association between urinary excretion of BPA and albuminuria, associated with renal damage. Our team’s previous work has shown that low-dose BPA can promote a cytotoxic effect on renal mouse podocytes. Moreover, BPA administration in mice promotes kidney damage and hypertension. Furthermore, preliminary studies in human renal cells in culture (podocytes) strongly suggest that BPA might also promote kidney damage. Overall, the present review analyzed BPA exposure data from mammalian cell studies, experimental animal models, and several human populations. Studying principal cohorts calculated the exposures to BPA globally, showing a high BPA exposure suggesting the need to decrease BPA exposure more effectively, emphasizing groups with higher sensitivity as kidney disease patients.

Bisphenol a Exposure and Kidney Diseases: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and NHANES 03–16 Study

“…The proportion of men and women was practically the same. The urinary BPA concentration was relatively low and consistent with the data observed in the general population [46]. Men had significantly higher BPA values per mL of urine but significantly lower BPA corrected for creatinine.…”

Bisphenol A Induces Accelerated Cell Aging in Murine Endothelium

“…Today there is still controversy about the degree of exposure to BPA and the doses considered safe. In a recent analysis of our group, it was determined that the mean urinary concentration of BPA in the general population is close to 10 nM, which may be related to ingested concentrations close to the doses used in our study [73]. The doses used in the present work, 100 nM and 5 µM, have been detected in certain groups with high exposure, such as workers in the plastic industry [74][75][76][77].…”

Bisphenol A is a carcinogen that induces lipid accumulation, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ expression and liver disease

“…Several studies have suggested that the degree of BPA toxicity to human and animal health depends on the dose, duration of exposure, age of the exposed individual and frequency of exposure (3,31,32). Liver and kidney are the organs with the highest bioaccumulation of BPA (33); therefore, these organs should be checked for BPA accumulation. Several studies have reported that BPA interacts with nuclear receptors, including oestrogen receptors, PPARs, retinoid and thyroid receptors (34).…”