Critical appraisal of the flame photometric detector in petroleum analysis

Effect of carrier gas flow geometry on the response of sulfur flame photometric detectors for gas chromatography

“…These results compare favorably with the quenching behavior of the double-flame detector constructed by Patterson et al (7,12). In a recent report, Ferguson et al (14) showed some quantitative measurements of the magnitude of quenching. For hydrocarbon levels up to 5 Mg of carbon s"\ the quenching was less than about 5% when the detector was run at recommended flow rates.…”

“…Gangwal et al (13) showed, in a semiquantitative experiment, the superiority of the dual-flame detector for a highly organic sample. Ferguson et al (14) reported that the quenching remained at less than 5% if the background does not exceed ca. 5 pg of carbon s"1 in the particular example studied.…”

Quenching-Resistant Multiple Micro-Flame Photometric Detector for Gas Chromatography

“…Of the various kindred FPD devices reported over the years, occasionally those based upon unconventional combustion dynamics, such as the pulsed-FPD , and the reactive flow detector, have been demonstrated to reduce the impact of hydrocarbon quenching. Perhaps the most widely investigated device in this regard is the dual flame FPD (dFPD), − which is based upon two flames placed in series. In the dFPD, the lower flame is normally optimized to oxidize hydrocarbons toward carbon dioxide formation, while the upper flame is optimized to produce analyte chemiluminescence for measurement.…”

“…For example, dFPD burner designs are often somewhat bulky and complex, and in some cases may require a rather elaborate ignition sequence to initially establish the dual flames. , In particular, these features can inhibit incorporation of this technology into miniaturized/portable analytical devices. However, of much greater concern, the dFPD is widely reported to produce significantly reduced detector sensitivity relative to a conventional FPD. ,,− Given the noted advantages of the dFPD, it would be beneficial if these problems could be overcome. For example, a relatively compact simple detector that would easily establish consecutive flames could promote greater exploration of this technology and the analytical properties of this approach.…”

Analysis of sulfur compounds using a water stationary phase in gas chromatography with flame photometric detection

“…34 Perhaps its greatest problem, though, is the signal quenching that occurs when analytes co-elute with hydrocarbons, which decreases the observed response and can compromise analytical results. 35 This is most common in complex matrices that contain thousands of different compounds, such as petroleum samples, where the determination of organosulfur analytes can be difficult to achieve using the FPD. 36 One approach to address this issue has been improved FPD designs that can reduce quenching, such as the dual-FPD 37,38 and more recently the multiple-FPD.…”