Critical elements of public acceptance and support for automated speed enforcement in British Columbia, Canada

Planning traffic surveillance in Spain: How to optimize the management of police resources to reduce road fatalities

“…• Xit contains a vector of the province's economic and demographic attributes that scholars believe may influence road safety. These are: unemployment rate (Casado-Sanz et al, 2019;Naqvi et al, 2023), mean age of population (Albalate and Fageda, 2019;Castro-Nuño and López-Valpuesta, 2023), and population density (Besharati et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2023);…”

“…One of the most effective ways to enhance traffic police enforcement is through the use of technology and automated systems (Li et al, 2020) (e.g., the use of speed cameras and red-light cameras has been shown to reduce speeding and other dangerous behaviors and can help police officers to identify and apprehend offenders quickly; see Truelove et al, 2023). However, on its own, the use of technology seems to fall short (Sam et al, 2022) and the presence of police officers remains an essential component for effective enforcement (Beaton et al, 2022) to detect unsafe driving practices, poor road design, or inadequate signage, or to respond to complex changing traffic circumstances with a deeper understanding of the local environment (Alrejjal et al, 2022). The necessary presence of human enforcement with the use of uniformed police officers is particularly irreplaceable in certain areas of traffic policing such as driver distraction, seatbelt use, and random breath testing (see Tudor-Owen, 2021 on the 'Blue Shirt' effect of traffic policing).…”

“…For this, we highlight the different roles played by human and material means and analyze the intensity of the resources applied to police enforcement and surveillance in the academic literature. To our knowledge, the number of previous studies on policing performance in Spain is extremely small and they mainly focus on police activities in general (Benito et al, 2021;Díez-Ticio and Mancebon, 2002) and the efficiency with which the responsibilities of the municipal police are executed in matters of public and urban road safety (García-Sánchez, 2009; 1 .…”

“…Furthermore, our geographic focus is regional, as some preceding studies on enforcement resources recommend (Braga et al, 2019;Kuo et al, 2013). The literature on the impact of traffic police enforcement has predominantly been conducted by evaluating aggregated data for large areas (i.e., national level), and demonstrating, in general terms, that a proactive policy leads to a dissuasion effect that seems to be inversely correlated with both crashes and traffic offenses (Bates et al, 2012;Rezapour et al, 2017;Tay, 2005). This is also the case in Spain, the object of our case study (Castillo-Manzano et al, 2019;Dadashova et al, 2014;Villalbí and Pérez, 2006).…”