Critical evaluation of European Union legislation on the second use of degraded traction batteries

Reinhardt, Robert; García, Beatriz Amante; Casals, Lluc Canals; Domingo, Santiago Gassó

doi:10.1109/eem.2016.7521207

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In that context, it must be underlined that there is pressing need for regulation, especially within the European Union (EU) legal context, to address the emerging technologies and relationships between EVs (including B2U) and energy storage technologies as they arrive at the markets in a more proactive manner. According to Reinhardt et al (2016) EU automotive and energy binding legislations have to work for a more harmonised policy framework, ultimately leading to provide a level playing field for an e-mobility transition within the European economy. It appears that the European Commission has comprehended the need to overcome such regulatory barriers to innovation as of March 2018, an innovation deal with eight partners from national authorities and innovators has been signed, which aims to clarify the regulatory landscape regarding of EV battery EOL solutions (including B2U and recycling) and stationary ESS applications (European Commission, 2018).…”

Section: Figure 1 Life Cycle Of Electric Vehicle Batteries Considering Battery Second Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Reinhardt

Christodoulou

Gassó-Domingo

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental Management

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155

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Nissan Eaton Leaf 4.2 kWh Residential energy storage UK (Nissan, 2017a) Nissan Eaton & The Mobility House Leaf 4 MWh / 4 MW Peak shaving, Backup power Netherlands (Nissan, 2016) Nissan Sumitomo Leaf 400 kWh/600 kW Renewable energy Japan (St.John, 2015) Mitsubishi & PSA EDF & Forsee Power Peugeot Ion, C-zero & iMiev n/a Renewable energy France (Green Car Congress, 2015) BMW UC San Diego Mini-E 160 kWh / 100 kW Renewable energy USA (California Energy Commission, 2012) BMW Vattenfall & Bosch ActiveE & i3 2.8 MWh / 2 MW Renewable energy Germany (Lambert, 2016) BMW Vattenfall i3 12 kWh / 50 kW Fast charging Germany (BMW, 2014) Renault Connected Energy Zoe 50 kWh / 50 kW Fast charging UK (Renault, 2017a)

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Section: Figure 1 Life Cycle Of Electric Vehicle Batteries Considering Battery Second Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Reinhardt

Christodoulou

Gassó-Domingo

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental Management

Self Cite

155

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“…Secondly and building upon discussed relevant literature in the field and key results from this study, we aim to go a step further and conceptualise a sustainable innovation business model (SIBM) framework for the B2U industry. This includes the impact of the macro environment of the EV industry (Reinhardt et al, 2016) as well as the SBM archetypes as major sustainability innovations towards the micro level (business model), which could ultimately transform into a business case for sustainability. We believe that this is an interdisciplinary effort that will revolutionise a whole business and its practises towards a sustainable future.…”

Section: Preliminary Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable business model archetypes for the electric vehicle battery second use industry: Towards a conceptual framework

Reinhardt

Christodoulou

García

et al. 2020

Journal of Cleaner Production

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The editors have taken the utmost care to ensure the reliability and completeness of all the published information. However, inaccuracies cannot be precluded. While the greatest possible care was taken during the preparation of these proceedings, there is always the possibility that certain information of sources referred to become(s) outdated or inaccurate over the course of time. Certain references in these proceedings lead to information sources that are maintained by third parties and over which we have no control. The editors and authors therefore do not bear responsibility for the accuracy or any other aspect of the information from these sources. In no way does the mention of these information sources represent a recommendation by the editors or the authors or an implicit or explicit approval of the information. The editors and authors are not responsible for the consequences of activities undertaken on the basis of these proceedings. No part of these proceedings may be reproduced by means of print, photocopies, automated databases or in any other way, without the prior written permission of the corresponding authors. The texts in this publication do not aim to the discriminatory in any way on the basis of race, religion or sex. Wherever it says 'he' in the text, 'she' may naturally be read as well and vice versa.

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“…The parameters used to determine the quality and the useful life of the retired batteries are State of Charge (SoC), Depth of Discharge (DoD), number of cycles, battery chemistry, charge and cell temperature [14]. The study in [15] conducted a study with second life battery (SLB) comprising of nickel metal hydride battery (NiMH) and Li-Ion batteries in a grid system to estimate the lifespan of the battery using real DoD rates.…”

Section: Lifespan and Useful Life Of Second Life Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

Mubaah

Thiagarajah

2023

JETAP

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It is estimated that the cumulative of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will reach 85 million by 2030. EV batteries that have degraded to 80% of their initial capacity no longer provide the required efficiency for EV, resulting in an increasing amount of batteries being discarded and stored in warehouses instead of being recycled. The cost of this storage after its End of Life (EOL) adds to the initial cost of the EV. There is amounting environmental pressure to re-purpose these discarded batteries in other applications, such as energy arbitrage and peak shaving, such that the initial cost of the EV be reduced. This work presents a feasibility study that allows discarded EV batteries to be repurposed batteries to provide peak shaving in a mid-tier data centre with an area size of 465 m2. A comparison of the cost during peak hours shows that the repurposed batteries can be used as a reliable power supply source to reduce the reliance of data centres on grid power during peak hours. Results showed that the use of these repurposed batteries also achieved a higher cost savings as compared to using brand new Lithium Ion battery over a period of 10 years. A reliability study also shows that the repurposed battery system and brand new battery system performs at par, when the data centre draws power from the grid during peak hours. The study concludes that power supply system in data centres that uses repurposed batteries to achieve peak shaving is a cost effective, green solution that should be implemented. In the larger picture, the reusability of the EV batteries is expected to reduce the initial price of the EV cars, allowing a larger market penetration and thus ensuring the sustainability of the EV car industry. Reusing the stored batteries also reduces environmental issues related to Lithium mining for brand new batteries, such as mining pollution and fresh water shortage.

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Critical evaluation of European Union legislation on the second use of degraded traction batteries

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: A critical review

Sustainable business model archetypes for the electric vehicle battery second use industry: Towards a conceptual framework

Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

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