Critical factors influencing biotech corn adoption of farmers in the Philippines in relation with the 2015 GMO Supreme Court ban

Farmer Decision-Making on the Concept of Coexistence: A Comparative Analysis between Organic and Biotech Farmers in the Philippines

“…This was also supported by the findings that profit and organic farmers' attitudes and opinions towards their farming method have a significant positive relationship (Supplemental Tables S3-S6). Gonzalvo et al (2020) showed that biotech corn farmers perceive themselves as highly familiar with their crop choice based on the high influence of knowledge factors in their adoption decision [23]. A similar result was also observed in this study, as shown by the significantly higher median value of familiarity and knowledge of biotech and organic crops among biotech farmers relative to organic farmers.…”

“…This was confirmed by testimonials such as those of Respondent 4, who stated, "If organic farming is used, then our yield will be low and field labor might be increased", and Respondent 30, who stated, "I don't like to do the nuances of organic farming". Gonzalvo et al (2020) showed that information and knowledge play key roles in the adoption decision of biotech corn farmers [23]. This trend also emerged in this study, which revealed that increasing influences from sources of information also increase the biotech farmers' coexistence perspective.…”

“…Though each farmer has a myriad of considerations, foremost among them are income and yield because they support both livelihood and family needs [23]. Therefore, farmer choice in terms of crop and farming methods should be seriously considered by policymakers to ensure that the national agenda (e.g., reduction in environmental footprint) aligns with farmer needs.…”

“…A directed acyclic graph analysis (DAG) using a chi-square test in SPSS v.27 (IBM, NY, USA) was then employed to verify the relationship between connected CDM stages. We further tested this approach on a larger dataset of biotech corn farmers from Gonzalvo et al (2020) [23], who utilized the CDM as their main conceptual framework.…”

“…e 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20 farmer group, did not show significant relationships between any linked pairs of decisionmaking stages (Figure 3c). To verify whether this lack of linear relationship between connected stages in the Consumer Decision Model-revealed using the DAG analysis-was robust and representative of the group to which the farmers belonged, the same analysis was done using a previously collected dataset from 111 biotech corn farmers sampled within similar sampling sites as the current study [23]. Results from this reanalysis revealed that there was no significant relationship at the initial stages of the model from the need recognition stage up to pre-purchase evaluation of alternatives stage, showing similar profiles to that shown in Figure 3b, although significant relationships were detected at later stages, namely between the pre-purchase evaluation of alternatives and purchase stages, between the purchase and adoption stages, and between the adoption and post-adoption evaluation and divestment stages.…”