Critical Period for Effects of Infantile Experience on Maturation of Stress Response

Levine, Seymour; Lewis, George W.

doi:10.1126/science.129.3340.42

Cited by 118 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…For example, manipulations during the first week of life have different effects on maternal behavior and limbic-hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis development from manipulations in the second week of life Ader, 1969, 1974;Levine and Lewis, 1959;Meaney and Aitken, 1985;Reisbick et al, 1975). Likewise, we would expect to see differences in drug-taking behavior in animals who were manipulated during week 1 compared to week 2 of life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The exact timing of a stressor, the regimen of exposure, and the resulting maternal behavior elicited by early life manipulations seem to play a critical role in determining long-term outcomes (Denenberg and Bell, 1960;Denenberg and Zarrow, 1971;Levine and Lewis, 1959;Nunez et al, 1996;Ogawa et al, 1994;Russell, 1971). For example, manipulations during the first week of life have different effects on maternal behavior and limbic-hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis development from manipulations in the second week of life Ader, 1969, 1974;Levine and Lewis, 1959;Meaney and Aitken, 1985;Reisbick et al, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulations During the Second, but not the First, Week of Life Increase Susceptibility to Cocaine Self-Administration in Female Rats

Flagel

Vázquez

Robinson

2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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We compared the effects of manipulations during week 1 vs week 2 of life on the propensity to self-administer cocaine. Pups received daily subcutaneous saline injections, were handled briefly, or remained undisturbed during their respective treatment periods. Animals handled during the second week of life exhibited increased locomotor response to novelty when tested on postnatal day (PND) 48, compared to all other groups. Rats were implanted with jugular catheters on PND 70 and then given the opportunity to self-administer (0.125 mg/kg/infusion) cocaine for 5 consecutive days (1 h sessions). The dose was then raised to 0.25 mg/kg/infusion for 5 days and to 0.5 mg/kg/infusion for the final 5 days of testing. Only animals manipulated during the second week of life acquired drug-taking behavior. These effects were both stimulus-and gender-specific. Females handled during the second week of life acquired cocaine selfadministration (SA) at the lowest dose, and females injected during the second week of life acquired at the intermediate dose. Males injected during the second week of life showed a similar, but more variable, drug-taking pattern. There were no group differences in serum corticosterone response to novelty, although relative to undisturbed animals and those manipulated in the first week of life, female animals manipulated during the second week of life had lower basal expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in adulthood. We conclude that the second week of life in the rodent is a sensitive period during which manipulations result in a more vulnerable phenotype for the acquisition of cocaine SA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulations During the Second, but not the First, Week of Life Increase Susceptibility to Cocaine Self-Administration in Female Rats

Flagel

Vázquez

Robinson

2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…What mechanisms [8,9,[12][13][14]19] mediated the increased basal and cold-induced plasma CORT subsequent to maternal deprivation? An increase of basal plasma CORT and PVN-CRH-mRNA abundance in adult rats subjected to maternal separation in infancy has been reported [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using this paradigm, maternal deprivation alone resulted in an increased basal and acute stress-induced plasma CORT level compared to maternal and sibling deprivation. This was not associated with excess weight loss in either group (see above), excluding thermal-loss as the cause of the enhanced stress response.What mechanisms [8,9,[12][13][14]19] mediated the increased basal and cold-induced plasma CORT subsequent to maternal deprivation? An increase of basal plasma CORT and PVN-CRH-mRNA abundance in adult rats subjected to maternal separation in infancy has been reported [16].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of maternal and sibling deprivation on basal and stress induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal components in the infant rat

Avishai-Eliner

Newth

et al. 1995

Neuroscience Letters

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Prolonged maternal deprivation during early infancy increases basal-and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) levels, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. In general, stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with secretion and compensatory synthesis of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). In the infant rat, we have demonstrated that maximally tolerated acute cold stress induced a robust elevation of plasma CORT throughout the first 2 postnatal weeks. However CRH messenger RNA (CRH-mRNA) abundance 4 h subsequent to cold stress was enhanced only in rats aged 9 days or older. This suggests a developmental regulation of the CRH component of the HPA-response to this stressor. The present study examined whether increased basal and cold stress-induced CORT levels after 24 h of maternal deprivation were due to enhanced CRH-mRNA abundance in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). CRH-mRNA abundance, and basal-and cold-induced plasma CORT levels were measured in maternally deprived 6 and 9-day-old pups compared to nondeprived controls. Maternal deprivation increased basal and cold-induced CORT levels on both 6 and 9-day-old rats. CRH-mRNA abundance in the PVN of deprived rats did not differ from that in non-deprived rats. Our results indicate that the enhanced basal and stress-induced plasma CORT observed after 24 h maternal deprivation is not due to increased CRH-mRNA abundance in the PVN. KeywordsMaternal deprivation; Stress; Infant rat; Development; Corticosterone; Corticotropin releasing hormone; Messenger RNA; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Mechanisms of the activation of the hormonal stress response in the immature rat are not fully understood [7,10,14,18]. In the mature animal, a variety of stressors induce secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) causing ACTH release from the pituitary and increasing plasma glucocorticoids (GCs). This is followed by a 'compensatory' increase in CRH-mRNA abundance in the hypothalamic PVN [7,10,21]. We have established that CRH-mRNA abundance in the PVN does not increase subsequent to maximal tolerated acute-cold stress in rats aged 4 or 6 days, The infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is under maternal regulation [6,9,13,16,17]. Prolonged, 24 h maternal deprivation has been found to increase basal plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and to enhance HPA axis responsiveness to further stressors [6,9,16]. Shorter periods of maternal deprivation (1, 2, 4, and 8 h) have been shown to have only a minimal effect on basal CORT levels and the response to acute stress [9,16]. The mechanisms underlying increased basal and cold-induced plasma CORT subsequent to maternal deprivation have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the enhanced basal HPA tone and the altered response of plasma CORT to acute stress observed after 24 h maternal deprivation were due to increased hypothalamic CRHmRNA abundance.Time pregnant Sprague-Dawley ra...

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“…Levine and Lewis (1959) have demonstrated that rats handled at 2 to 5 days (Gr. I) and to 13 days after birth (Gr.…”

Section: Locomotive Activity and Estrus Cycles In Rats Subjected To Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Locomotive Activity and Estrus Cycles in Rats Subjected to Infantile Ecs Treatments

Sekiguchi

1960

Jpn. Psychol. Res

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Critical Period for Effects of Infantile Experience on Maturation of Stress Response

Cited by 118 publications

References 1 publication

Manipulations During the Second, but not the First, Week of Life Increase Susceptibility to Cocaine Self-Administration in Female Rats

Manipulations During the Second, but not the First, Week of Life Increase Susceptibility to Cocaine Self-Administration in Female Rats

Effects of maternal and sibling deprivation on basal and stress induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal components in the infant rat

Locomotive Activity and Estrus Cycles in Rats Subjected to Infantile Ecs Treatments

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