“…Much of the support provided to students is targeted at academic English for non-native speakers or ad hoc remedial support (Wingate, 2012). As a result, the potential of learning analytics to provide formative feedback to students to support their writing is a growing area of interest (see, e.g., the following series of LAK workshops: Buckingham Shum, Knight, et al, 2016;Knight, Allen, Gibson, McNamara, & Buckingham Shum, 2017;Shibani, Abel, Gibson, & Knight, 2018). The writing feedback tools build on a longer history of automated essay scoring systems, which score constructed responses in standardized assessments, and automated writing evaluation systems, which provide instructional formative feedback, typically through targeted lessons on identified writing features (Warschauer & Grimes, 2008).…”