Critical rate of electrolyte circulation for preventing zinc dendrite formation in a zinc–bromine redox flow battery

Yang, Hyeon Sun; Park, Jong Ho; Won, Ho; Jin, Chang-Soo; Yang, Jung Hoon

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.038

Cited by 65 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The first is that of zinc dendrite formation, with studies ranging from simulations being conducted to improve the understanding of the zinc deposition to altering the fluid transport mechanics and the usage of additives to mitigate this problem. [18][19][20] The second major issue is associated with the electrogenerated bromine at the positive electrode which, at the upper limits of the operating temperature range of the cell (55…”

Section: Znmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Bryans

McMillan

Spicer

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The zinc-bromine redox flow battery (RFB) is one of a very few commercially viable RFB energy storage systems capable of integration with intermittent renewable energy sources to deliver improved energy management. However, due to the volatility of the electrogenerated bromine and potential for its crossover from positive to negative electrolytes, this system requires the use of quaternary ammonium complexes (N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium, (MEP)) to capture this bromine. This produces an immiscible phase with the Br 2 which requires a complex network of pipes, pumps and automated controls to ensure access to the electroactive material during discharge. In this work, the use of novel quaternary ammonium complexes to capture the electrogenerated bromine but to keep it in the aqueous phase is examined. Three compounds, 1-(carboxymethyl) pyridine-1-ium, 1-(2-carboxymethyl)-1-methylmorpholin-1-ium and 1-(2-carboxymethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium, were found to successfully reduce the volume of the immiscible phase formed on complexing with the polybromide (Br x − ) whilst displaying similar enthalpy of vaporization values as that of MEP . Electrochemical analysis also revealed that these compounds did not impact on the electrode kinetics of the Br − /Br x − reaction indicating that the resulting surface film formed with these compounds behaved as a chemically modified electrode, in contrast to the surface film formed with MEP. Renewable energy features in many countries' energy agendas. Current political focus seeks to reduce carbon emissions, as agreed by the Paris Agreement, by using energy more efficiently and to have power generation from zero carbon technologies.1 Installed capacity of renewable energy sources have increased over the decade to 2014 by 175 GW for solar and by 322 GW for wind.2 This increase in capacity has impacted on the global share of energy from renewable sources (excluding hydropower) from 2.2% (2004) to 9.7% (2013) with many countries promising to accelerate their installation of these technologies in the coming years.3 However, energy supplied from renewable sources is often intermittent and can fluctuate depending on weather and location. 4,5 This creates a problem in that energy can be generated in excess or in deficit in relation to energy demand. To solve this issue, energy storage is required to balance these peaks and troughs in order to stabilize energy flow into the electrical grid. This would lead to a better management of renewable sources. 6 Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are one means of achieving large scale energy storage which can provide a more efficient link between energy production and energy demand. This type of battery system has the advantage of having a lower cost, a low level of self-discharge and is considered to have a much safer operation compared to other battery systems such as the sodium sulfur and lithium ion batteries. 7,8 Additionally, as with all batteries, it has the advantage of being more flexible and mobile in relation to pumped hydro and compressed air t...

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Section: Znmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Bryans

McMillan

Spicer

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…In this system the metal is an electrochemically active species and forms part of the electrode as well [91]. A problem that often occurs with this kind of battery is the formation of dendrites, which can lead to a short circuit when these protrusions pierce the separator [92,93].…”

Section: Redox Centre: Metallic -Non-metallicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox flow batteries—Concepts and chemistries for cost-effective energy storage

et al. 2018

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Electrochemical energy storage is one of the few options to store the energy from intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are such an energy storage system, which has favourable features over other battery technology, e.g. solid state batteries, due to their inherent safety and the independent scaling of energy and power content. However, because of their low energy-density, low power-density and the cost of components such as redox species and membranes, commercialised RFB systems like the all-vanadium chemistry cannot make full use of the inherent advantages over other systems. In principle, there are three pathways to improve RFBs and to make them viable for large scale application: First, to employ electrolytes with higher energy density. This goal can be achieved by increasing the concentration of redox species, employing redox species that store more than one electron or by increasing the cell voltage. Second, to enhance the power output of the battery cells by using high kinetic redox species, increasing the cell voltage, implementing novel cell designs or membranes with lower resistance. The first two means reduce the electrode surface area needed to supply a certain power output, thereby bringing down costs for expensive components such as membranes. Third, to reduce the costs of single or multiple components such as redox species or membranes. To achieve these objectives it is necessary to develop new battery chemistries and cell configurations. In this review we focus on a comparison of promising cell chemistries, be they all-liquid, slurries or hybrids combining liquid, gas and solid phases.Aim is to elucidate which redox-system is most favourable in terms of energy-density, power-density and capital cost. Also the choice of solvent and the selection of an inorganic or organic redox couples with the entailing consequences are discussed.

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“…The use of this current density is restricted by the planar deposited anode, as in most hybrid flow batteries. The applied current densities used in conventional zinc-bromine batteries are usually < 30 mA cm -2 [44,45].…”

Section: Influence Of Hydrochloric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane-less hybrid flow battery based on low-cost elements

Leung

Martin

Shah

et al. 2017

Journal of Power Sources

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The capital cost of conventional redox flow batteries is relatively high (> USD$ 200 /kWh) due to the use of expensive active materials and ion-exchange membranes. This paper presents a membrane-less hybrid organic-inorganic flow battery based on the low-cost elements zinc (< USD$ 3 Kg -1 ) and para-benzoquinone (< USD$ 8 Kg -1 ). Redox potential and voltammetric studies show that the open-circuit voltage of the battery is 1.17 -1.59 V over a wide range of pH. Half-cell charge-discharge and dissolution experiments indicate that the negative electrode reaction is limiting due to the presence of chemical side reactions on the electrode surface. The positive electrode redox reactions are not affected and exhibit (half-cell) coulombic efficiencies of > 92.7 % with the use of carbon felt electrodes. In the presence of a fully oxidized active species close to its solubility limit, dissolution of the deposited anode is relatively slow (< 2.37 g h -1 cm -2 ) with an equivalent corrosion current density of < 1.9 mA cm -2 . In a parallel plate flow configuration, the resulting battery was charge-discharge cycled at 30 mA cm -2 with average coulombic and energy efficiencies of c.a. 71.8 and c.a. 42.0 % over 20 cycles, respectively.

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Critical rate of electrolyte circulation for preventing zinc dendrite formation in a zinc–bromine redox flow battery

Cited by 65 publications

References 18 publications

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Redox flow batteries—Concepts and chemistries for cost-effective energy storage

Membrane-less hybrid flow battery based on low-cost elements

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Critical rate of electrolyte circulation for preventing zinc dendrite formation in a zinc–bromine redox flow battery

Cited by 65 publications

References 18 publications

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr2Flow Battery

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr2Flow Battery

Redox flow batteries—Concepts and chemistries for cost-effective energy storage

Membrane-less hybrid flow battery based on low-cost elements

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery