Critical Review: Copper Runoff from Outdoor Copper Surfaces at Atmospheric Conditions

Hedberg, Yolanda; Hedberg, Jonas; Herting, Gunilla; Goidanich, Sara; Wallinder, Inger Odnevall

doi:10.1021/es404410s

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…There is concern that water from RWH systems may not be of high enough quality for certain applications [78]. This needs to be considered case by case and will depend on a comparison between the quality required for the intended use and the quality of the water collected from RWH system.…”

Section: Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Review of the Global Situation with a Special Focus on Australia and Kenya

Amos

Rahman

Gathenya

2016

Water

114

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) plays an important role in increasing water security for individuals and governments. The demand for tools to enable technical and economic analysis of RWH systems has led to a substantial body of research in the recent past. This paper focuses on the economic aspects of domestic RWH in urban and peri-urban environments. In this regard, key issues are identified and discussed including quality and quantity of harvested water, the water demand profile, the scale of installation, interest rates, the period of analysis, real estate value, and the water-energy-food nexus. Kenya and Australia are used as reference points having different economies and opposing RWH policies. It has been found that the previous studies on financial aspects of RWH systems often had conflicting results. Most of the economic analyses have ignored the full benefits that a RWH system can offer. In view of the varying and conflicting results, there is a need to standardize the methods of economic analysis of RWH systems.

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Section: Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Review of the Global Situation with a Special Focus on Australia and Kenya

Amos

Rahman

Gathenya

2016

Water

114

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“…Scientific literature on the atmospheric corrosion of copper is highly abundant [6,[10][11][12] as is published information on the mechanisms by which copper patinas form in atmospheres polluted with SO 2 and other atmospheric compounds [6,[13][14][15][16][17]. However, data on the corrosion of copper in chloride-rich atmospheres is less abundant [6,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and only a very small number of studies consider in depth the effect of marine aerosol (sea-chloride deposition) in pure marine atmospheres without SO 2 pollution [26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion of Copper in Unpolluted Chloride-Rich Atmospheres

Lopesino¹,

Alcántara²,

Fuente³

et al. 2018

Metals

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The atmospheric corrosion of copper in pure coastal atmospheres has not been extensively studied. This paper presents the results of research carried out in pure coastal atmospheres with annual chloride deposition rates of between 110–1640 mg/m2·d. Copper specimens (99.99 wt % Cu) were exposed for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months at six testing stations located at different distances from the seashore. Tests were performed to determine the copper corrosion rate, the surface area coated with corrosion products, and the evolution of both magnitudes with exposure time. Conventional and grazing X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyze the corrosion products formed—cuprite and the polymorphs botallackite, atacamite, and clinoatacamite—and their presence through the patina thickness, while scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was employed to study the morphology of the resulting corrosion layers. The most relevant findings are a notable increase in atacamite and clinoatacamite formation at higher atmospheric salinity levels and longer exposure times, and the flaking-off of the corrosion product layer formed in the marine atmospheres with the highest chloride deposition rates.

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“…Building characteristics of the roof such as inclination and orientation, and the age of the roof respective to its exposure time, as well as the type of the roofing material, are important factors for corrosion and runoff rates [7,8,12,15,23,27,38,39].…”

Section: Properties Of the Roof Materials And Building Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper and Zinc as Roofing Materials—A Review on the Occurrence and Mitigation Measures of Runoff Pollution

Galster

2022

Water

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Stormwater runoff from metal roofs has been a significant subject of discussion, especially when it comes to its treatment and the target concentrations that need to be achieved prior to discharge into the aquatic environment. To raise further awareness on this issue, occurrence, characterization, and also mitigation measures for metal roof runoff were analyzed using the example of copper and zinc roofs. These stormwater runoffs were found to contain metals in significant concentrations, mainly due to the wash-off of corrosion products by precipitation. Factors influencing metal corrosion and runoff concentrations were compiled. As Cu and Zn mainly occur in dissolved and thus bioavailable forms in roof runoff, harmful effects on the environment were detected. Therefore, adequate treatment of the runoff before discharge to groundwater or surface water is necessary to protect the aquatic environment. Vegetated infiltration swales as an sustainable urban drainage system enable a reduction in pollution loads. However, especially in densely built-up urban areas, stormwater quality improvement devices (SQIDs) offer an attractive alternative for pre-treating metal roof runoff, as they are mostly located underground. There is not yet a uniform legal approval system for SQIDs in Germany, but the German state of Bavaria has approved four types of SQIDs according to its own developed test criteria.

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Critical Review: Copper Runoff from Outdoor Copper Surfaces at Atmospheric Conditions

Cited by 23 publications

References 108 publications

Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Review of the Global Situation with a Special Focus on Australia and Kenya

Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Review of the Global Situation with a Special Focus on Australia and Kenya

Corrosion of Copper in Unpolluted Chloride-Rich Atmospheres

Copper and Zinc as Roofing Materials—A Review on the Occurrence and Mitigation Measures of Runoff Pollution

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