Critical review of the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their environmental levels in Africa

Brits, Martin; Vos, Jayne De; Weiss, Jana; Rohwer, Egmont Richard; Boer, Jacob de

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.097

Cited by 55 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…Although some of the past initiatives to screen for these pollutants in the environment had mainly been focused on certain organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (Bouwman 2004), with little or no attention being paid to the recently listed POPs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its salts, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), amongst others. A comprehensive review on the environmental monitoring of BFRs in different environmental matrices in Africa, with a special focus on South Africa was recently published (Brits et al 2016). The authors concluded that the analyses of various BFRs in different matrices were mainly performed at overseas laboratories, while only a few studies were fully conducted within the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) flame retardants in landfill leachate

Daso

Rohwer

Koot

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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The occurrence of selected brominated flame retardants, including nine polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in leachate samples from eight landfill sites in South Africa, were investigated. In addition, the possible influences of dissolved organic carbon on their levels were also evaluated. Filtered leachate samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction to isolate the various target compounds. PBDEs with six bromine substituents and above, as well as α-HBCDD, β-HBCDD and TBBPA, were generally found below the detection limit. However, the mean value of the total lower PBDE congeners ranged between 0.04 and 0.48 μg L, and the concentrations of γ-HBCDD ranged from not detectable (ND) to 0.05 μg L. No significant correlation was observed between the target compounds and dissolved organic carbon, although weak to moderate correlations were mostly observed for the lower PBDEs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) flame retardants in landfill leachate

Daso

Rohwer

Koot

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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“…During the past 15 years or so, principal environmental concerns have included bioaccumulation, which has been observed across the world’s continents [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] including the Antarctic [ 12 ] and Arctic regions [ 13 ], and the degradation into ecotoxicological congeners in the case of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by exposure to UV [ 14 , 15 , 16 ] and microbiological agents [ 8 , 17 , 18 ], for example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Horrocks

2020

Polymers

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This review considers the challenge of developing sustainable organobromine flame retardants (BrFRs) and alternative synergists to the predominantly used antimony III oxide. Current BrFR efficiencies are reviewed for textile coatings and back-coatings with a focus on furnishing and similar fabrics covering underlying flammable fillings, such as flexible polyurethane foam. The difficulty of replacing them with non-halogen-containing systems is also reviewed with major disadvantages including their extreme specificity with regard to a given textile type and poor durability.The possibility of replacing currently used BrFRs for textiles structures that mimic naturally occurring organobromine-containing species is discussed, noting that of the nearly 2000 such species identified in both marine and terrestrial environments, a significant number are functionalised polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which form part of a series of little understood biosynthetic biodegradation cycles.The continued use of antimony III oxide as synergist and possible replacement by alternatives, such as the commercially available zinc stannates and the recently identified zinc tungstate, are discussed. Both are effective as synergists and smoke suppressants, but unlike Sb203, they have efficiencies dependent on BrFR chemistry and polymer matrix or textile structure. Furthermore, their effectiveness in textile coatings has yet to be more fully assessed.In conclusion, it is proposed that the future of sustainable BrFRs should be based on naturally occurring polybrominated structures developed in conjunction with non-toxic, smoke-suppressing synergists such as the zinc stannates or zinc tungstate, which have been carefully tailored for given polymeric and textile substrates.

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“…Based on in vivo experiments, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has included TBBPA in group 2A; a carcinogenic potential group (Grosse et al, 2016). TBBPA has been detected in (a) food packaging and household waste plastics (Pivnenko et al, 2017;Driffield et al, 2008), (b) environmental media, such as sludge and sediments (Yu et al, 2017;Brits et al, 2016;de Wit et al, 2010) and (c) biota samples (de Wit et al, 2010;Morris et al, 2004). Thus, further investigation on its presence in waste streams is necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) content in plastic waste recovered from WEEE

Kousaiti

Hahladakis

Savvilotidou

et al. 2020

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Critical review of the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their environmental levels in Africa

Cited by 55 publications

References 86 publications

Preliminary screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) flame retardants in landfill leachate

Preliminary screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) flame retardants in landfill leachate

The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Assessment of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) content in plastic waste recovered from WEEE

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