Critical Review of Visual Models for Police Use of Force Decision-Making

Nota, Paula M. Di; Stoyko, Peter; Jenkinson, Jodie; Boychuk, Evelyn C.; Andersen, Judith P.

doi:10.3390/vision5010006

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Organisational influence on the implementation of certain UOF practices over others may encourage “passing” officers because it reduces the burden of remedial re-training and supports existing policy. However, defending the use of potentially ineffective methods and materials, in the absence of adequate training and evaluation, may undermine the professional development and evaluation of police [ 38 , 39 ]. Therefore, it is critical that police organisations and applied researchers examine the effectiveness and potential implications of current operations to ensure that they reflect evidence-based best practices [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considering Objective and Subjective Measures for Police Use of Force Evaluation

Nota

Chan

Huhta

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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In spite of significant interest in the application of police use of force (UOF) from organisations, researchers, and the general public, there remains no industry standard for how police UOF is trained, and by extension, evaluated. While certain UOF behaviours can be objectively measured (e.g., correct shoot/no shoot decision making (DM), shot accuracy), the subjective evaluation of many UOF skills (e.g., situation awareness, SA) falls to the discretion of individual instructors. The aim of the current brief communication is to consider the operationalisation of essential UOF behaviours as objective and subjective measures, respectively. Using longitudinal data from a sample of Canadian police officers (n = 57) evaluated during UOF training scenarios, we discuss how objective and subjective measures reflect changes in officer performance over time. Objective lethal force DM was measured as a binary ‘correct–incorrect’ outcome and subjective SA was measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from ‘unacceptable’ to ‘exceptional’. Subjective evaluation of SA demonstrated significant changes over time, while DM remained relatively high and stable. Given the practical and professional implications of UOF, we recommend that a combination of objective and subjective measures is systematically implemented at all stages of police UOF training and evaluation (i.e., basic, advanced, in-service).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considering Objective and Subjective Measures for Police Use of Force Evaluation

Nota

Chan

Huhta

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…In a critical incident situation, the cognitive capacity of the police officer is not going to be able to access all those Sub-sections, before deciding to use force. Research has found that, "officers have also reported using intuitive rather than analytic decision-making strategies under high-pressure contexts as a result of induced perceptual, cognitive and physiological impairments" (Nota et al, 2021;Nota & Huhta, 2019).…”

Section: The Region's Relationship or Reliance On Critical Decision-m...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police, IACP on the issue of what is necessary, countered that, "necessary could mean the officer has to exhaust all other less lethal options before using deadly force". The IACP says, "this will be an impossible standard" because time is not a luxury in the Use of Force situations" (IACP, n. d.).To focus on the typology of Use of Force models vis-à-vis Critical Decision-making Models available or unique to various police organizations, this author borrowed from the work of Di Nota,Stoyko et al, (2021), and other researchers, but without regard to the type of Model used in their analysis. In this case, those researchers relied on the Ontario Police Use of Force Model, Las Vegas, California and Minnesota Use of Force Models.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Model “Critical Decision-Making Model”, Case-Study of Ghana, West Africa

Norman¹

2023

AASoci

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Introduction: Security and Police organizations in West Africa do not have Critical Decision-making Models to guide the Officer in deciding the Use of Force option. The various Security and Police Services do not appear to place emphasis on ethical policing leading to officer extrajudicial killing and rentseeking behaviors. Method: Using Ghana's legal framework on the use of force as a case study, author conducted desk-top review of Critical Decision-making Models of other jurisdictions and did content analysis of Ghana's Incident and Public Order Management Manual, and Use of Force Order, GPS 004-15 as well as the legislative and Constitutional exceptions and immunities for the use of force. Author conducted twenty interviews opportunistically with police officers for validation. Finding: Police Organizations like the Ghana Police Service, have "Incident and Public Order Management Manual", designed "to provide direction and information to assist commanders, planners, advisors to prepare for and manage events where there is risk to public safety…" It is a generic Standard Operating Procedure, SOP for incident management. They also have an SOP on the Use of Force, listing the events during which force can be used. These documents do not detail issues of proportionality. There is no emphasis on Critical Decision-making in the training of officers in the Use of Force evaluation. Modalities for risk assessment, and de-escalation of threat levels are not part of the SOP or Incident and Public Order Management. The Police in West Africa have negative public image, accused of being trigger happy, brutal in conducting arrests, and corrupt, which could be the result of the lack of adequate training on ethical policing, familiarity with Critical Decision-making skills, the position of the law on the use of force and accountability. Recommendations: The author has proposed a Critical Decision-making Model, admonished police organizations in West Africa, to create country specific models that are simple, functional, and least restrictive in conducting and controlling the offender during arrests. Conclusion: The author anticipates the proposed model or its How to cite this paper: Norman, I. (2023).

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“…Training discussed here (Biggs et al, 2015; Hamilton et al, 2019) also largely focused on inhibitory control, yet there are other cognitive areas of focus that could be beneficial (Brunyé et al, 2020). For example, vision training might alter how an individual sees a scenario (Di Nota et al, 2021), or mental skills training might alter how an individual reacts to a scenario (Jensen et al, 2020). Various methodologies should also be explored as non‐invasive brain stimulation has numerous applications in a military context (Blacker, Peltier, et al, 2020; Brunyé, 2020).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying inhibitory control theories to shoot/don't‐shoot decisions

Biggs

2021

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Inhibitory control has been identified as a prominent factor in shoot/don't-shoot errors. Although emerging evidence continues to support this relationship, there is critical nuance and depth that can significantly alter this connection between a cognitive capability and a critical real-world application. For example, presenting shoot/ don't-shoot decisions in go/no-go laboratory paradigms inherently makes several use-of-force assumptions. The current discussion will explore the primary issues surrounding this relationship, including the practical and cognitive assumptions made in a shoot/don't-shoot paradigm. Prominent ideas and theories of inhibitory control will be interpreted within a shoot/don't-shoot scenario to further explore the boundaries of this connection. Empirical evidence supporting this link will also be examined, and finally, several areas for future research will be identified. Taken together, this review will synthesize the current understanding about any connection between inhibitory control and lethal force errors while highlighting several productive areas for further investigations.

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Critical Review of Visual Models for Police Use of Force Decision-Making

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Considering Objective and Subjective Measures for Police Use of Force Evaluation

Considering Objective and Subjective Measures for Police Use of Force Evaluation

A Model “Critical Decision-Making Model”, Case-Study of Ghana, West Africa

Applying inhibitory control theories to shoot/don't‐shoot decisions

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