Critical Review on the Different Roles of Exosomes in TNBC and Exosomal-Mediated Delivery of microRNA/siRNA/lncRNA and Drug Targeting Signalling Pathways in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer is the most potent metastatic type of breast cancer that can spread to other body parts. Chemotherapy and surgical intervention are the sole treatments for TNBC, owing to the scarcity of therapeutic targets. Manipulation of the membranes as per the desired targets of exosomes has recently gained much attention as a drug delivery method. Despite their known roles in different diseases, very few studies have focused on signalling that triggers the metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer to other body parts by exosomes. This article highlights the significant roles of exosomes associated with TNBC, the involvement of exosomes in breast cancer diagnosis, progression, and the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer by the exosomes as a drug delivery system. This review paper also illustrates the role of exosomes in initiating EMT in breast cancer, including novel signalling.

Nanotechnology for the theranostic opportunity of breast cancer lung metastasis: recent advancements and future challenges

“…TNBC usually has higher levels of apoptotic process ligand (PD-L1) expression than other subtypes of breast cancer. Keynote 522, Keynote 355, and others have shown that immune checkpoint inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer confers a survival benefit, and triple-negative breast cancer is currently the only type of breast cancer that has achieved clinical survival improvement in immunotherapy studies (Cortes et al, 2020;Schmid et al, 2020;Banerjee and Rajeswari, 2023).…”

The multifaceted perspectives on the regulation of lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma ferroptosis: from bench-to-bedside

“…SiRNAs directly induce the degradation of lncRNAs by recruiting the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to interact with lncRNAs [ 157 ]. In lncRNA research, siRNAs have been effectively employed in various preclinical models to investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting specific lncRNAs [ 158 , 159 ]. For instance, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of lncRNA CASC9 significantly decreased tumor formation in an HCC mouse model [ 160 ].…”

Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Intercellular Communication to Therapeutic Opportunities

“…MEK1 knockdown inhibited MAPK/ERK signalling, reversing the mesenchymal phenotype, reducing cell migration and invasion, and decreasing MMP-2/MMP-9 expression. Exosome-mediated delivery of anti-MEK1 siRNA effectively inhibited tumour growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, suggesting potential for TNBC therapy [185]. Another study investigated RNA interference (RNAi) targeting the PIK3CA oncogene in breast cancer cells.…”