Critical size for the β- to α-transformation in tin nanoparticles after lithium insertion and extraction

Oehl, Nikolas; Hardenberg, L.; Knipper, Martin; Kolny‐Olesiak, Joanna; Parisi, J.; Plaggenborg, Thorsten

doi:10.1039/c5ce00148j

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Figure compares the XRD patterns of Sn film electrodes before and after 50 cycles. The pristine electrode (Figure a) shows highly crystalline β‐Sn phase with tetragonal crystal structure ( I 4 1 / amd ), consistent with that of target Sn powder, on copper metal foil. After cycling (Figure b), reflections of the β‐Sn phase are still maintained but at much reduced intensity.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Magnesium Storage Performance and Surface Film Formation Behavior of Tin Anode Material

et al. 2016

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Electrochemical cycling performance of microsize bulk and thin film Sn electrodes up to 50 cycles in Mg half‐cell configuration, as well as Mg diffusivity and interfacial reaction behavior in a phenylmagnesium chloride (PhMgCl)/THF electrolyte are studied. The bulk Sn electrode delivers capacities of 321–289 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 90 % and coulombic efficiencies higher than 99 % over 30 cycles, and thus demonstrates the potential of Sn anodes. The Sn film electrode shows good cycling ability. Surface analysis by XPS reveals that the surface of cycled electrodes is composed of a mixture of various inorganic salts of Sn and Mg formed by interfacial reactions between Sn and PhMgCl, and organic functionality produced by decomposition of THF, indicating surface film formation. The Mg2+ diffusivity of Sn is on the order of 10−11 cm2 s−1, which is four orders of magnitude lower than the Li+ diffusivity of Sn in Li‐ion batteries. Advanced material design for enhanced electronic conductivity and control of the interfacial chemistry for formation of a surface protective film are believed to be the keys to overcome such sluggish kinetics, increase the capacity, and improve the cycling performance.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Magnesium Storage Performance and Surface Film Formation Behavior of Tin Anode Material

et al. 2016

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“…00‐007‐0274) . After the first discharge ( D 1) to 0.6 V, while no longer peaks of Mg 2 Sn are present, new peaks at 30.6° and 32.0° attributed to (200) and (101) reflections of β‐Sn ( I 41/ amd ) metal are observed . As the first discharge capacity of 249 mAh g −1 (Figure d) determines 0.77 mole of Mg 2+ ‐ion extraction per mole of Mg 2 Sn as described above, the coexistence of Sn and Mg 2 Sn is plausible.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Unveiling the Roles of Formation Process in Improving Cycling Performance of Magnesium Stannide Composite Anode for Magnesium‐Ion Batteries

Nguyen

Song

2018

Adv Materials Inter

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The combination of Mg2+‐insertion type anodes with various Mg‐free cathode counterparts and electrolytes enables Mg‐ion batteries. Microsized magnesium stannide (Mg2Sn) active material for a potential Mg2+‐insertion anode has shown extremely low capacity and low Coulombic efficiency in the early cycles, due to not yet a full participation of active material and an irreversible capacity loss by anode–electrolyte interfacial reactions. An activation process, i.e., formation cycle, is necessary to mitigate those issues and to improve the cycling performance. Herein, the application of formation process to the Mg2Sn composite anode that includes graphite as an electrochemically inactive but electronically conductive component, the condition optimization of formation process, and the systematic studies of the effects of formation process on the cycling performance and anode–electrolyte interfacial reactions are reported. A basic understanding of the early cycling behavior and interfacial phenomena of Mg2Sn anode is provided, which gives insight into improvement of performance of alloy anodes in Mg‐ion batteries.

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“…Generally, β to α-Sn transition can be described by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami kinetics with an Avrami exponent of 3 [7,11]. Furthermore, Oehl et al [12] reported that in nanoscale, the growth kinetics of β to α-Sn transition also depends on the size of β-Sn particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Recrystallization on β to α-Sn Allotropic Transition in 99.3Sn–0.7Cu wt. % Solder Alloy Inoculated with InSb

et al. 2020

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The effect of recrystallization of 99.3Sn–0.7Cu wt. % solder alloy on the allotropic transition of β to α-Sn (so-called tin pest phenomenon) was investigated. Bulk samples were prepared, and an InSb inoculator was mechanically applied to their surfaces to enhance the transition. Half of the samples were used as the reference material and the other half were annealed at 180 °C for 72 h, which caused the recrystallization of the alloy. The samples were stored at −10 and −20 °C. The β-Sn to α-Sn transition was monitored using electrical resistance measurements. The expansion and separation of the tin grains during the β-Sn to α-Sn transition process were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The recrystallization of the alloy suppressed the tin pest phenomenon considerably since it decreased the number of defects in the crystal structure where heterogeneous nucleation of β-Sn to α-Sn transition could occur. In the case of InSb inoculation, the spreading of the transition towards the bulk was as fast as the spreading parallel to the surface of the sample.

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Critical size for the β- to α-transformation in tin nanoparticles after lithium insertion and extraction

Abstract: The formation of the α-Sn phase in Sn/SnOx core/shell nanoparticles after lithium insertion and extraction was investigated for the first time and a critical size for the transformation was determined.

Cited by 31 publications

References 29 publications

Magnesium Storage Performance and Surface Film Formation Behavior of Tin Anode Material

Magnesium Storage Performance and Surface Film Formation Behavior of Tin Anode Material

Unveiling the Roles of Formation Process in Improving Cycling Performance of Magnesium Stannide Composite Anode for Magnesium‐Ion Batteries

Effect of Recrystallization on β to α-Sn Allotropic Transition in 99.3Sn–0.7Cu wt. % Solder Alloy Inoculated with InSb

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