The present water crisis necessitates a frugal water management strategy. Deficit irrigation can be regarded as an efficient strategy for agricultural water management. Optimal allocation of water to agricultural farms is a computationally complex problem because of many factors, including limitations and constraints related to irrigation, numerous allocation states, and non-linearity and complexity of the objective function. Meta-heuristic algorithms are typically used to solve complex problems. The main objective of this study is to represent water allocation at farm level using temporal cultivation data as an optimisation problem, solve this problem using various meta-heuristic algorithms, and compare the results. The objective of the optimisation is to maximise the total income of all considered lands. The criteria of objective function value, convergence trend, robustness, runtime, and complexity of use and modelling are used to compare the algorithms. Finally, the algorithms are ranked using the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The income resulting from the allocation of water by the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) was 1.006, 1.084, and 1.098 times that of particle swarm optimisation (PSO), bees algorithm (BA), and genetic algorithm (GA), respectively. The ICA and PSO were superior to the other algorithms in most evaluations. According to the results of TOPSIS, the algorithms, by order of priority, are ICA PSO, BA, and GA. In addition, the experience showed that using meta-heuristic algorithms, such as ICA, results in higher income (4.747 times) and improved management of water deficit than the commonly used area-based water allocation method. and Huang et al. [42] used the GA-PSO hybrid algorithm for the optimal management of water resources. Davijani, Banihabib, Anvar, and Hashemi [9] compared the use of PSO and GA algorithms for allocating water to agricultural, industrial, and municipal consumptions over one year.The ICA is successfully used in a variety of applications related to industrial, civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering [43]. Hosseini-Moghari et al. [44] used this algorithm for water resource management. Karamouz et al. [45] compared the suitability of the ICA and PSO algorithms for allocating reservoir water to agricultural, industrial, and urban consumers. Many studies have used the BA for various applications [46]. However, to the best of our knowledge, it is not used in AW.Considering the preceding review on the use of these algorithms in water resource management and other applications, the reasons for selecting GA, BA, ICA, and PSO algorithms in this study are as follows: (1) They are among the most commonly used meta-heuristic algorithms.(2) On similar problems, the performance of these algorithms was acceptable. (3) The solution space of this study is continuous, while the ICA and PSO are inherently continuous, and GA and BA are also applicable to continuous issues.The aim of this study is to model the AW to farms as...