Cropping systems, structural change and rural-urban migration in Brazil

Development and testing of a decision board to help clinicians present treatment options to lupus nephritis patients in Brazil

“…Census data for the Sao Paulo region show that the distribution of demographic characteristics of Sao Paulo compared with other major metropolitan areas in Brazil is similar in terms of years of schooling and occupation (61). This information, together with the historic and geographic elements of demographic distribution in Brazil, corroborates the statement that Sao Paulo summarizes this country's cultural diversity (61–64). A significant body of evidence supports our statement that Sao Paulo reflects the cultural, educational, and employment situation of the rest of the country, which adds to the study relevance, given that the population is believed to culturally reflect the rest of the country (61–64).…”

Rural-urban interactions: a guide to the literature

“…However, recent research has shown that the number of urban households engaging in agriculture and that of rural households whose income is derived from non-farm activities is far higher than usually thought (Abramovay and Sachs, 1996;Bhooshan, 1986;Misra, 1986;Saint and Goldsmith, 1980). These sectoral interactions can also have a spatial dimension.…”

“…For example, inequitable land-owning structures in South India are one of the reasons why rapid growth in agricultural production has not stimulated development in many small urban centres (Harriss and Harriss, 1988). Government crop purchasing policies and taxation can also influence the levels of rural and urban prosperity and deprivation: for example, government's promotion of citrus production in Brazil has paradoxically resulted in increased out-migration due to land ownership concentration (Saint and Goldsmith, 1980). Finally, attention must be given to the social dimensions of small towns and to the complexity of social networks, kinship and family ties which often blur the social distinctions between what is rural and what is urban (Hardoy and Satterthwaite, 1986c).…”

Development Impacts of Remittances in Agricultural Households: Fiji Experience

“…Several studies note five factors that explain the deviations in the remittance and agricultural investment nexus. It is suggested that investment in land or modern technology varies with a household's resource endowment, the amount and frequency of remittances, the regional market structure, the availability of additional productive resources, and the managerial experience of the farmer (Arizpe, 1981;Rempel & Lobdell, 1981;Gladwin, 1979;Saint & Goldsmith, 1980). Adequate capital and management skills are crucial for agricultural development.…”