Cross-Border Malaria: A Major Obstacle for Malaria Elimination

Wangdi, Kinley; Gatton, Michelle L.; Kelly, Gerard C.; Clements, Archie

doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2015.04.002

Cited by 125 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 110 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Investigation of malaria incidence in border counties of Yunnan province, China revealed that clinical P. falciparum malaria was closely associated with travel to Myanmar, whereas local P. vivax transmission remained (Xu et al, 2015; Zhou et al, 2014a). This highlights the need for both strengthened local control efforts as well as tightened monitoring near international borders to prevent malaria introduction (Mosha et al, 2014; Wangdi et al, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence of shared borders, low malaria transmission countries such as China (Zhang et al, 2014b) and Thailand will continually face the challenges of managing cross-border malaria introduction (Parker et al, 2015; Wangdi et al, 2015; Zhou et al, 2005; Zhou et al, 2014a). China is entering the malaria elimination phase with a very low malaria incidence rate (< 0.3 cases per 1,000,000p erson year in 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal dynamics and microgeographical spatial heterogeneity of malaria along the China–Myanmar border

Zhou

Ruan

et al. 2016

Acta Tropica

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Malaria transmission is heterogeneous in the Greater Mekong Subregion with most of the cases occurring along international borders. Knowledge of transmission hotspots is essential for targeted malaria control and elimination in this region. This study aimed to determine the dynamics of malaria transmission and possible existence of transmission hotspots on a microgeographical scale along the China-Myanmar border. Microscopically confirmed clinical malaria cases were recorded in five border villages through a recently established surveillance system between January 2011 and December 2014. A total of 424 clinical cases with confirmed spatial and temporal information were analyzed, of which 330 (77.8%) were Plasmodium vivax and 88 (20.8%) were Plasmodium falciparum, respectively. The P. vivax and P. falciparum case ratio increased dramatically from 2.2 in 2011 to 4.7 in 2014, demonstrating that P. vivax malaria has become the predominant parasite species. Clinical infections showed a strong bimodal seasonality. There were significant differences in monthly average incidence rates among the study villages with rates in a village in China being 3-8 folds lower than those in nearby villages in Myanmar. Spatial analysis revealed the presence of clinical malaria hotspots in four villages. This information on malaria seasonal dynamics and transmission hotspots should be harnessed for planning targeted control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal dynamics and microgeographical spatial heterogeneity of malaria along the China–Myanmar border

Zhou

Ruan

et al. 2016

Acta Tropica

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“…In 2015, the WHO set the ambitious new target of reducing the global malaria burden by 90% by 2030, and it encouraged member states to fulfill the goal of malaria elimination [5]. However, many countries face challenges in achieving the elimination goal because of the threat of malaria importation and re-introduction [6], especially in border areas adjacent to high malaria endemic countries. In South Korea, for example, there had been no indigenous malaria cases after 1984, until the re-emergence of P. vivax in the demilitarized zone showed that malaria transmission along the border of North Korea would continue to be a challenge [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of malaria in land border regions of China in the context of malaria elimination

Zhang

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundCross-border malaria transmission poses a challenge for countries to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. Because of a dramatic increase of cross-border population movement between China and 14 neighbouring countries, the malaria epidemic risk in China’s land border regions needs to be understood.MethodsIn this study, individual case-based epidemiological data on malaria in the 136 counties of China with international land borders, from 2011 to 2014, were extracted from the National Infectious Disease Information System. The Plasmodium species, seasonality, spatiotemporal distribution and changing features of imported and indigenous cases were analysed using descriptive spatial and temporal methods.ResultsA total of 1948 malaria cases were reported, with 1406 (72.2%) imported cases and 542 (27.8%) indigenous cases. Plasmodium vivax is the predominant species, with 1536 malaria cases occurrence (78.9%), following by Plasmodium falciparum (361 cases, 18.5%), and the others (51 cases, 2.6%). The magnitude and geographic distribution of malaria in land border counties shrunk sharply during the elimination period. Imported malaria cases were with a peak of 546 cases in 2011, decreasing yearly in the following years. The number of counties with imported cases decreased from 28 counties in 2011 to 26 counties in 2014. Indigenous malaria cases presented a markedly decreasing trend, with 319 indigenous cases in 2011 reducing to only 33 indigenous cases in 2014. The number of counties with indigenous cases reduced from 26 counties in 2011 to 10 counties in 2014. However, several bordering counties of Yunnan province adjacent to Myanmar reported indigenous malaria cases in the four consecutive years from 2011 to 2014.ConclusionsThe scale and extent of malaria occurrence in the international land border counties of China decreased dramatically during the elimination period. However, several high-risk counties, especially along the China–Myanmar border, still face a persistent risk of malaria introduction and transmission. The study emphasizes the importance and urgency of cross-border cooperation between neighbouring countries to jointly face malaria threats to elimination goals.

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“…The international borders of Brazil exhibit particularly critical conditions, cumulating health, socio-demographic, environmental, and political issues [2]. The cross-border area between French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amapá (Figure 1) is symptomatic of such conditions that constitute an obstacle for malaria elimination [3]. Identifying, characterizing, and mapping malaria risk factors are of primary importance in order to better target control strategies and anticipate possible recrudescence of malaria due to environmental and socio-demographic changes and to the development of possible drug and insecticide resistance [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping a Knowledge-Based Malaria Hazard Index Related to Landscape Using Remote Sensing: Application to the Cross-Border Area between French Guiana and Brazil

Roux

Dessay

et al. 2016

Remote Sensing

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Malaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the world and the definition of novel control strategies can benefit from the modeling of transmission processes. However, data-driven models are often difficult to build, as data are very often incomplete, heterogeneous in nature and in quality, and/or biased. In this context, a knowledge-based approach is proposed to build a robust and general landscape-based hazard index for malaria transmission that is tailored to the Amazonian region. A partial knowledge-based model of the risk of malaria transmission in the Amazonian region, based on landscape features and extracted from a systematic literature review, was used. Spatialization of the model was obtained by generating land use and land cover maps of the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil, followed by computing and combining landscape metrics to build a set of normalized landscape-based hazard indices. An empirical selection of the best index was performed by comparing the indices in terms of adequacy with the knowledge-based model, intelligibility and correlation with P. falciparum incidence rates. The selected index is easy to interpret and successfully represents the current knowledge about the role played by landscape patterns in malaria transmission within the study area. It was significantly associated with P. falciparum incidence rates, using the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (up to 0.79 and 0.75, respectively; p-value < 0.001), and the linear regression coefficient of determination (reaching 0.63; p-values < 0.001). This study establishes a spatial knowledge-driven, landscape-based hazard malaria index using remote sensing that can be easily produced on a regular basis and might be useful for malaria prediction, surveillance, and control.Keywords: remote sensing; land use and land cover; landscape metric; knowledge-based hazard modeling; malaria; cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil

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Cross-Border Malaria: A Major Obstacle for Malaria Elimination

Cited by 125 publications

References 110 publications

Seasonal dynamics and microgeographical spatial heterogeneity of malaria along the China–Myanmar border

Seasonal dynamics and microgeographical spatial heterogeneity of malaria along the China–Myanmar border

Risk assessment of malaria in land border regions of China in the context of malaria elimination

Mapping a Knowledge-Based Malaria Hazard Index Related to Landscape Using Remote Sensing: Application to the Cross-Border Area between French Guiana and Brazil

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