Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Indonesia version of the scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children

Abstract

Objective:Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaires have been administered to children older than 6 years. Currently, the scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5) has been used to determine the OHRQoL through self-reports and parental proxy reports of children aged <6 years. This study was conducted to estimate the psychometric reliability and validity after adapting the SOHO-5 to the Indonesian language.Materials and Methods:The cross-cultural adaptation was tested in children aged 5 years old and their parents. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were measured among 161 kindergarten children in Jakarta, along with a clinical examination for dental caries.Results:Cronbach's alpha coefficients for internal consistency were 0.89 and 0.86 for child's self-reports and parental reports, respectively. The test-retest reliability results were excellent based on repeated administrations in 27 children; the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.81 and 0.94 for the parental reports and child's self-reports, respectively. No corrected item-total correlation value was lower than 0.30, allowing all items in the instrument to be included for data analyses. The construct validity of the child's self-reports showed that the Indonesian SOHO-5 total score was significantly associated only with the presence of dental caries (P < 0.001). The construct validity of the parental reports described that the SOHO-5 total score was significantly associated with proxy-rated oral health, the child's perceived dental treatment and satisfaction with the child's oral health (P < 0.001).Conclusions:This study showed the Indonesian version of SOHO-5 is a reliable and valid OHRQoL measure for 5-year-old Indonesian children.

Agreement Between Reports of Parents and Children About Children’s Oral Health-Related Quality of Life

“…The interpretation of absolute differences is extremely difficult because there are no general parameters defined for this, but they were related to the maximum scores obtained [1,7,8]. The values of differences in the items found in this study corresponded to 3.5-21% of the maximum scores and were lower than those found by Brazilian authors [8], which may be explained by the fact that not every 5-6-year-old child age has the same level of cognitive development [3]. A child's perception of his/her oral health is influenced by age, cognitive, and emotional development, as well as by the social context in which he/she is inserted [22].…”

“…The variation in prevalence in surveys can be explained by differences in sample size and, above all, by the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of locations in which surveys were performed [3].…”

“…Such concept refers to oral health evaluation through methods that include both objective and subjective clinical aspects concerning to the impact of health / disease conditions on an individual's physical and psychosocial activities. Therefore, over the last two decades, several studies have been conducted [1][2][3][4][5][6] focusing on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), a complex and multidimensional indicator that evaluates the physical and emotional well-being of each individual, as well satisfaction and anxiety related to oral health services.…”

“…The presence of oral disorders can negatively affect OHRQoL of both children and their families, not only economically but also psychologically, often leading to an oral condition of complete tooth destruction and pain, compromising chewing, promoting appetite and weight loss, growth deficit, cognitive delay, phonation difficulties, changes in sleep patterns, decreased school performance, and low self-esteem [2,3].…”

“…There are numerous instruments used to measure OHRQoL in children [4,5]; however, there are few instruments specifically used for children aged 6 years and under, among them, the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS), based on secondary reports of parents, which may express a reality distinct of that perceived by children [4], and the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-year-old children -SOHO-5, which uses self-reports from 5-year-olds and their parents to assess the child's oral condition, as there is strong evidence that 5-to-6-year-olds can validly and reliably report about their own OHRQoL [3][4][5][6][7]. Both instruments have been validated in Brazil to assess the impact of oral diseases on OHRQoL in preschoolers [6,[8][9][10].…”