“…PND can be assessed either clinically or through the use of screening instruments such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (Cox & Holden, 1996;Cox et al, 1987), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck et al, 1996), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1971), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) (Kessler et al, 2002) and the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-20) (Harding et al, 1980) among others? Concerns (Kleinman, 1987) that methods developed in HICs might falsely identify PND in "non-Western" settings have been refuted (Cox & Holden, 1996;Halbreich & Karkun, 2006;Patel et al, 1998;Rodrigues et al, 2003). Examination of the issue across 11 countries (10 HICs and 1 low income country (LIC) -Uganda), supported the "universality" of postpartum morbid unhappiness but raised concerns about the cross-cultural equivalence of PND as an illness requiring clinical intervention (Oates et al, 2004).…”