Cross‐Linkable Modified Nanocellulose/Polyester Resin‐Based Composites: Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Nanocellulose Modification on Material Performances

Abstract

Unsaturated fatty acid (FA)–modified nanocellulose (m‐NC) shows potential application in improving mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester/m‐NC nanocomposites (UPe/m‐NC). A polyester matrix is obtained by polycondensation of maleic anhydride and products of poly(ethylene terephthalate) depolymerization with propylene glycol. Two methods of NC modification are performed: direct esterification with oleic acid, linseed, or sunflower oil FAs, and esterification/amidation with maleic acid/ethylene diamine (MA/EDA) bridging group followed by amidation with methyl ester of FAs. Increases of stress at break in the ranges from 148.8% to 181.4% and from 155.8% to193.0% for UPe/m‐NC composites loaded with 1 wt% of NC modified directly or via MA/EDA cross‐linker, respectively, are obtained. Results of the modeling of tensile modulus, by using the Cox–Krenchel model, show good agreement with experimentally obtained data. The effect of FAs' cross‐linking capabilities on the dynamic‐mechanical and thermal properties of the UPe/m‐NC is studied. Cross‐linking density, modulus, and Tg of the nanocomposite show appropriate relation with the unsaturation extent/structure of NC modification.

Composites of Unsaturated Polyester Resins with Microcrystalline Cellulose and Its Derivatives

“…The development of its surface also has a significant impact on the ability to transfer loads. The combination of this procedure and the use of unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix and nanocellulose modified with unsaturated fatty acids allowed to improve the mechanical properties of composites through the copolymerization of their individual components expressed as increased tensile strength [22]. However, the use of the fillers at nanometer scale in mixtures with resins has limitations.…”

Adsorption of estrone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol from water onto modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon cryogel, and carbonized hydrothermal carbon

“…Two small peaks in the region 2850-2950 cm − 1 , present in FTIR spectra of all tested samples, can be assigned to symmetrical and asymmetrical vibrations of C-H in methyl or methylene groups (Lazić et al 2018). The broad band around 1630 cm − 1 at MWCNTs spectra, and two poorly separated bands at 1620 and 1640 cm − 1 at CCs, CHTC, and ACHTC spectra can be assigned to the vibrations of the aromatic C = C bond and the bending vibration of the O-H bond, or the stretching vibration of the aliphatic C = C bond (Maletić et al 2019;Chen et al 2012;Sevilla and Fuertes 2009;Kalijadis et al 2015;Rusmirović et al 2018). The bands observed around 1383 cm − 1 for all samples can be attributed to the O-H bond in the carboxyl group (Barroso-Bogeat et al 2014;Rusmirović et al 2018).…”

“…The broad band around 1630 cm − 1 at MWCNTs spectra, and two poorly separated bands at 1620 and 1640 cm − 1 at CCs, CHTC, and ACHTC spectra can be assigned to the vibrations of the aromatic C = C bond and the bending vibration of the O-H bond, or the stretching vibration of the aliphatic C = C bond (Maletić et al 2019;Chen et al 2012;Sevilla and Fuertes 2009;Kalijadis et al 2015;Rusmirović et al 2018). The bands observed around 1383 cm − 1 for all samples can be attributed to the O-H bond in the carboxyl group (Barroso-Bogeat et al 2014;Rusmirović et al 2018). The bands observed in the region 1360 − 1000 cm − 1 correspond to C-O stretching and OH banding vibration (Sevilla and Fuertes 2009).…”

Effect of surface activation of alumina particles on the performances of thermosetting-based composite materials

“…Moreover, higher " t , observed for APTMS-BD modified alumina, are related to flexibility of BD segments which also exhibit appropriate plasticizing effect. 34 In general, better improvement of mechanical properties is achieved by incorporation of APTMS-BD modified alumina. Still, VH significantly increases for embedding both the modified alumina.…”