“…Several approaches are employed for the treatment of heavy metal pollution in wastewater, including chemical precipitation ( Sarker et al, 2018 ), ion exchanges ( Hashim et al, 2011 ), membrane separation ( Chen et al, 2021a ), evaporation ( Chen et al, 2010 ), electro-coagulation ( Bouhamed et al, 2012 ), and sorption ( Al-Shannag et al, 2015 ; Chen et al, 2021b ; Dong et al, 2021 ). Among these, the adsorption technique is widely recognized as the optimal choice for removing contaminants from water ( Dinari and Tabatabaeian, 2018 ; Duman et al, 2020 ; Hoslett et al, 2020 ; Tabatabaeian et al, 2021 ). This technique is valued for its simplicity ( Wu et al, 2018 ), efficiency ( Liu et al, 2019 ), environmental friendliness ( Chen et al, 2018 ), excellent removal efficacy ( Zhang et al, 2017 ), and affordability ( Wang et al, 2020 ).…”