“…In all the studies listed in Table 1, model inputs (independent variables) were assumed to be perfectly known during parameter estimation and all of the experimental uncertainty was assigned to the model outputs (dependent variables). This assumption enabled modelers to use either least squares (LS) 12,15,27 or weighted least squares (WLS) estimation, 7,9,13,14,16,20,24,25,29,31 which is applied when there are multiple dependent variables with different levels of variability. Sometimes, however, uncertainties in independent variables can be large due to measurement errors in process inputs or other difficulties in achieving the desired experimental settings.…”