Cross-Protection

Gal‐On, Amit; Shiboleth, Yoel Moshe

doi:10.1007/1-4020-3780-5_12

Cited by 66 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Cross-protection was The mechanism, or mechanisms, behind cross-protection has remained obscure but a number of explanations have been proposed. Currently, the leading hypothesis used to explain cross-protection is that the protective strain induces RNA silencing against its own RNA and homologous sequences, such as those occurring in closely related strains of the same virus (Ratcliff et al, 1999;Hull, 2002;Gal-On & Shiboleth, 2006). Thus, it is hypothesized that the protective strain is acting as an elicitor of a natural antiviral response, RNA silencing, which underlies other natural resistance phenomena, such as recovery and 'green island' formation, as well as many instances of pathogenderived resistance in transgenic plants (Ratcliff et al, 1997; Moore et al, 2001;Voinnet, 2001;Goldbach et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic engineering of viruses may provide a means of designing and generating mild, potentially cross-protective virus strains (discussed by Gal-On & Shiboleth, 2006). We speculated that if RNA silencing is the mechanism behind cross-protection, then a mutant virus lacking the ability to express a silencing suppressor would be a particularly potent cross-protecting agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2b protein can also act as a symptom determinant; it induces disease symptoms by interfering with microRNA-mediated gene regulation (Lewsey et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2006). However, the severity of the symptoms induced depends upon the CMV strain and the effects on the host plant of environmental and physiological factors (Handford & Carr, 2007;Lewsey et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2006).Genetic engineering of viruses may provide a means of designing and generating mild, potentially cross-protective virus strains (discussed by Gal-On & Shiboleth, 2006). We speculated that if RNA silencing is the mechanism behind cross-protection, then a mutant virus lacking the ability to express a silencing suppressor would be a particularly potent cross-protecting agent.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A cucumber mosaic virus mutant lacking the 2b counter-defence protein gene provides protection against wild-type strains

Ziebell

Payne

Berry

et al. 2007

Journal of General Virology

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Several plant virus mutants, in which genes encoding silencing suppressor proteins have been deleted, are known to induce systemic or localized RNA silencing against themselves and other RNA molecules containing homologous sequences. Thus, it is thought that many cases of cross-protection, in which infection with a mild or asymptomatic virus mutant protects plants against challenge infection with closely related virulent viruses, can be explained by RNA silencing. We found that a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) mutant of the subgroup IA strain Fny (Fny-CMVD2b), which cannot express the 2b silencing suppressor protein, cross-protects tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Nicotiana benthamiana plants against disease induction by wild-type Fny-CMV. However, protection is most effective only if inoculation with Fny-CMVD2b and challenge inoculation with wild-type CMV occurs on the same leaf. Unexpectedly, FnyCMVD2b also protected plants against infection with TC-CMV, a subgroup II strain that is not closely related to Fny-CMV. Additionally, in situ hybridization revealed that Fny-CMVD2b and Fny-CMV can co-exist in the same tissues but these tissues contain zones of Fny-CMVD2b-infected host cells from which Fny-CMV appears to be excluded. Taken together, it appears unlikely that cross-protection by Fny-CMVD2b occurs by induction of systemic RNA silencing against itself and homologous RNA sequences in wild-type CMV. It is more likely that protection occurs through either induction of very highly localized RNA silencing, or by competition between strains for host cells or resources. INTRODUCTIONCucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is the type species of the genus Cucumovirus of the family Bromoviridae (Van Regenmortel et al., 2000). Based on serological relationships and sequence criteria, the species is divided into three distinct subgroups: IA, IB and II (Roossinck et al., 1999). CMV has the largest host range of any known plant virus and is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by aphids belonging to over 80 species. Taken together, these factors probably contribute to the worldwide distribution of the virus and its economic importance (Palukaitis et al., 1992;Palukaitis & García-Arenal, 2003). The CMV genome consists of three positive-sense RNA molecules. These are RNAs 1, 2 and 3, which also function as mRNAs for the synthesis of the 1a and 2a replicase proteins, and the 3a movement protein, respectively. During replication, subgenomic mRNAs encoding additional proteins are synthesized. The subgenomic RNA 4, derived from RNA 3, is the mRNA for CMV coat protein (CP) and RNA 4A, which is derived from RNA 2, is the mRNA for the multifunctional 2b protein (Ding et al., 1994). Direct control of CMV or prevention of its transmission by aphids by using insecticides is difficult to achieve. One promising approach for controlling CMV is the use of pathogen-derived transgenes in genetically modified plants (Palukaitis & Zaitlin, 1997;Gaba et al., 2004). Pathogenderived resistance to CMV and other viruses works either through the triggering of...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cucumber mosaic virus mutant lacking the 2b counter-defence protein gene provides protection against wild-type strains

Ziebell

Payne

Berry

et al. 2007

Journal of General Virology

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“…The central region contains several motifs that are highly conserved in all potyviruses, including the FRNK box at amino acid positions 179 to 182 in mature HC-Pro, which is associated with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) symptom severity (18). The mutation of the FRNK box to FINK (R 180 I) causes a drastic reduction in symptom severity of the leaves of various cucurbit species without noticeably affecting virus accumulation or infectivity, and this mutation has been exploited for use in cross-protection (19). Other mutations in the central region of different potyviruses which are not located in the FRNK box also cause attenuation of symptoms without affecting virus accumulation (52).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Conserved FRNK Box in HC-Pro, a Plant Viral Suppressor of Gene Silencing, Is Required for Small RNA Binding and Mediates Symptom Development

Shiboleth¹,

Haronsky²,

Leibman³

et al. 2007

J Virol

187

148

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“…Holmes (1934) isolated a masked strain (M) of TMV from tomato stems that had been incubated at 34.5°C for 14 days after inoculation with a severe strain and elicited some resistance in tobacco and tomato against a severe strain. Since then, there have been a number of reports on vegetables and fruit trees including tomato, cucumber, cacao, papaya, and citrus (reviewed by Gal-On and Shiboleth 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuated plant viruses: preventing virus diseases and understanding the molecular mechanism

Nishiguchi

Kobayashi

2011

J Gen Plant Pathol

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Attenuated viruses have been isolated and studied not only as a practical means of controlling virus diseases but also to gain a molecular understanding of viral virulence and cross protection. They have been isolated from crop fields and generated through high/low temperature treatment or by mutagens such as nitrous acid and ultraviolet irradiation. Some viruses have been beneficially used in fields and evaluated for one or more decades. Molecular genetic studies on attenuated viruses have revealed that amino acid substitutions are located in replicase and the movement protein in tobamovirus, protein 2b for cucumovirus, and P1 and HC-Pro for potyvirus. In most cases, with a few exceptions, symptom attenuation is positively correlated with a reduced level of RNA silencing suppression. Molecular mechanisms underlying virus attenuation and cross protection and the rationale for practical use of attenuated viruses for effective virus disease control are discussed.

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Cross-Protection

Cited by 66 publications

References 99 publications

A cucumber mosaic virus mutant lacking the 2b counter-defence protein gene provides protection against wild-type strains

A cucumber mosaic virus mutant lacking the 2b counter-defence protein gene provides protection against wild-type strains

The Conserved FRNK Box in HC-Pro, a Plant Viral Suppressor of Gene Silencing, Is Required for Small RNA Binding and Mediates Symptom Development

Attenuated plant viruses: preventing virus diseases and understanding the molecular mechanism

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