Cross-reactive and Vaccine-Induced Antibody to an Emerging Swine-Origin Variant of Influenza A Virus Subtype H3N2 (H3N2v)

Skowronski, Danuta M.; Janjua, Naveed Z.; Serres, Gaston De; Purych, Dale; Gîlca, Vladimir; Scheifele, David W.; Dionne, Marc; Sabaiduc, Suzana; Gardy, Jennifer L.; Li, Guiyun; Bastien, Nathalie; Petric, Martin; Boivin, Guy; Li, Yan

doi:10.1093/infdis/jis500

Cited by 84 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…1 Our age-based serosurvey indicated that cross-reactive antibodies to novel H3N2v were undetectable or present at very low levels in sera from young schoolaged children. These findings are consistent with results of previous population serosurveys (12)(13)(14). Thus, individuals born after 1996 have a higher risk of H3N2v infection and could become mediators to the spread of the H3N2v virus within a community.…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

“…The high seroprevalence of the H3N2v virus in older teenagers and young adults (born between 1996 and 1971; age, 15-39 years) was probably due to the exposure to seasonal H3N2 viruses circulating during their childhoods as described previously (12)(13)(14). In fact, the HA gene of H3N2v is considered to be descended from seasonal H3N2 viruses that were circulating in the 1990s (15).…”

supporting

confidence: 53%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Seroprevalence of a Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Variant Virus in the Japanese Population

Kishida

Imai

et al. 2013

Jpn J Infect Dis

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supporting

confidence: 93%

supporting

confidence: 53%

Seroprevalence of a Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Variant Virus in the Japanese Population

Kishida

Imai

et al. 2013

Jpn J Infect Dis

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“…original antigenic sin). Annual vaccination, as opposed to less frequent infection exposure, may hasten such 'sinful' antibody refocusing toward prior versus evolved epitopes, preferentially selecting for cross-reactive but non-neutralizing memory responses [44][45][46][47]. In the context of pre-existing antibody, immune complex formation and Fc-receptor activation can lead to suppression of B cell responses to subsequent influenza vaccination [48].…”

Section: Possible Immune Mechanisms For Repeated Vaccination Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated annual influenza vaccination and vaccine effectiveness: review of evidence

Belongia

Skowronski

McLean

et al. 2017

Expert Review of Vaccines

Self Cite

240

185

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Introduction: Studies in the 1970s and 1980s signaled concern that repeated influenza vaccination could affect vaccine protection. The antigenic distance hypothesis provided a theoretical framework to explain variability in repeat vaccination effects based on antigenic similarity between successive vaccine components and the epidemic strain. Areas covered: A meta-analysis of vaccine effectiveness studies from 2010-11 through 2014-15 shows substantial heterogeneity in repeat vaccination effects within and between seasons and subtypes. When negative effects were observed, they were most pronounced for H3N2, especially in 2014-15 when vaccine components were unchanged and antigenically distinct from the epidemic strain. Studies of repeated vaccination across multiple seasons suggest that vaccine effectiveness may be influenced by more than one prior season. In immunogenicity studies, repeated vaccination blunts the hemagglutinin antibody response, particularly for H3N2. Expert commentary: Substantial heterogeneity in repeated vaccination effects is not surprising given the variation in study populations and seasons, and the variable effects of antigenic distance and immunological landscape in different age groups and populations. Caution is required in the interpretation of pooled results across multiple seasons, since this can mask important variation in repeat vaccination effects between seasons. Multi-season clinical studies are needed to understand repeat vaccination effects and guide recommendations. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Only modest increases in crossreactive antibodies to H3N2v viruses were detected in individuals of any age who received seasonal trivalent inactivated vaccine (CDC, 2012;Skowroski et al, 2012). The HA of H3N2v has an amino acid homology of 89 % compared with current human seasonal influenza H3N2 vaccine virus (A/Perth/16/2009) (Lindstrom et al, 2012 Evidence from serological studies indicates that young children can be expected to have little immunity to these H3N2v viruses (CDC, 2012d;Skowronski et al, 2012;Waalen et al, 2012). However there is evidence to suggest that young adults, aged 20 to 40 years, may have cross-reactive antibodies to H3N2v, most likely due to exposure to human H3N2 viruses that circulated in the early to mid-1990s.…”

Section: Cross-immunity In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding adaptive immune response, as already described in Chapter 8 (Section 8.4), there is an age-related presence of cross-protective antibodies against H3N2v in the human population, with children < 10 years old being most susceptible and, to a lesser extent, adults > 50 years old. Less vulnerable are people aged 20-40 years (CDC, 2012d; Skowronski et al, 2012;Waalen et al, 2012). Therefore, this may represent a barrier to the human-tohuman transmission of this virus.…”

Section: Replication and Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the possible risks posed by the influenza A (H3N2v) virus for animal health and its potential spread and implications for animal and human health

Authié¹,

Berg²,

Bøtner³

et al. 2013

EFS2

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Swine are an important host in influenza virus ecology since they are susceptible to infections with both avian and human influenza A viruses. In 2011 and 2012, clusters of human infection with a swine‐origin influenza A(H3N2) variant virus (H3N2v) containing the matrix (M) gene from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus were reported in the United States (US). The likelihood of introduction of H3N2v virus into the EU, and subsequent exposure and infection of EU pig herds was assessed. The overall likelihood of a pig holding in the EU being infected by exposure to H3N2v virus through either imported infectious pigs or humans coming from the US was estimated to be low. Efficient separation of imported pigs for 30 days would reduce the likelihood of exposure to a negligible level. The likelihood that H3N2v would spread to other pig holdings was judged to be high, assuming frequent movements of pigs between holdings. Currently, applied real time RT‐PCRs can detect all swine influenza A viruses and, combined with gene sequencing, would identify the emergence of H3N2v virus. However, sequencing is not done on a routine basis in EU. Experimental studies in pigs show that the infection is purely of respiratory nature and follows a relatively mild course with fever, coughing and inappetence, similar to that of the endemic swine influenza viruses. Immunity resulting from vaccination with European vaccines may provide some cross‐protection against infection with H3N2v virus whereas vaccines based on US swine H3N2 strains would offer superior protection. It is not possible to predict which changes within H3N2v virus might enable it to develop pandemic properties. Hence, it is not possible at present to set up a specific system to monitor such a risk. Nevertheless, it is recommended to reinforce the monitoring of influenza strains circulating in pigs in EU.

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Cross-reactive and Vaccine-Induced Antibody to an Emerging Swine-Origin Variant of Influenza A Virus Subtype H3N2 (H3N2v)

Abstract: NCT01140009 and NCT01368796.

Cited by 84 publications

References 29 publications

Seroprevalence of a Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Variant Virus in the Japanese Population

Seroprevalence of a Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Variant Virus in the Japanese Population

Repeated annual influenza vaccination and vaccine effectiveness: review of evidence

Scientific opinion on the possible risks posed by the influenza A (H3N2v) virus for animal health and its potential spread and implications for animal and human health

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