Cross‐resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanism of abamectin resistance in a field‐derived strain of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), a global pest of citrus, has developed different levels of resistance to various acaricides in the field. Abamectin is one of the most important insecticides/acaricides worldwide that target a wide number of insect and mite pests. The evolution of abamectin resistance in P. citri is threatening the sustainable use of abamectin for mite control.RESULTSThe abamectin resistant strain (NN‐Aba), derived from a field strain NN by consistent selection with abamectin, showed 4,279‐fold resistance to abamectin compared to a relatively susceptible strain (SS) of P. citri. Cross‐resistance of NN‐Aba was observed between abamectin and emamectin benzoate, pyridaben, fenpropathrin, as well as cyflumetofen. Inheritance analyses indicated that abamectin resistance in the NN‐Aba strain was autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic. The synergy experiment showed that abamectin toxicity was synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), and tributyl phosphorotrithiotate (TPP) in the NN‐Aba strain, and synergy ratios were 2.72‐, 2.48‐, and 2.13‐fold, respectively. The glutathione S‐transferases activity in the NN‐Aba strain were significantly increased by 2.08‐fold compared with the NN strain.CONCLUSIONThe abamectin resistance was autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic in P. citri. The NN‐Aba strain showed cross‐resistance to various acaricides with different modes of action. Metabolic detoxification mechanism participated in abamectin resistance in NN‐Aba strain. These findings provide useful information for resistance management of P. citri in the field.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The development of abamectin resistance in Liriomyza trifolii and its contribution to thermotolerance

“…18,[39][40][41] The evaluation of insecticide resistance is thought to be associated with a fitness cost in the absence of pesticide exposure. 42 It has been suggested that these fitness costs of insects be measured by quantitative determination of resistance, cross-resistance or reversion of resistance, suppression of insecticide synergists, inheritance by offspring, and other metrics, 43,44 such as related research on Drosophila melanogaster, 42 Panonychus citri, 45 Bemisia tabaci 46 and Nilaparvata lugens. 47 Although numerous studies have focused on unidirectional factors related to insecticide resistance in Liriomyza spp., the interaction and comprehensive effects of other factors have been largely ignored.…”

Identification and Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterase Genes Involved in Spirodiclofen Resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor)

“…citri is easy to develop acaricide resistance. , In addition, frequent and long-term use of acaricides accelerated the development of P. citri resistance to various acaricides in the field. , According to the arthropod pesticide resistance database (), the resistance cases of P. citri were second only to Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi in the Tetranychidae family.…”

“…5,6 In addition, frequent and long-term use of acaricides accelerated the development of P. citri resistance to various acaricides in the field. 7,8 According to the arthropod pesticide resistance database (https://www.pesticideresistance.org/index.php), the resistance cases of P. citri were second only to Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi in the Tetranychidae family. To prolong the service life of existing acaricides, the resistance mechanism of acaricides in the mite needs to be elucidated.…”