Cross-Resistance, Inheritance, and Biochemistry of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Inhibitor-Acaricide Resistance in <I>Tetranychus urticae</I> (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

Resistance of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, to acaricides acting as mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors (METIs) is an increasing problem. Because of their high levels of cross-resistance to all commercially available METI-acaricides, a Japanese strain (AKITA) and an English strain (UK-99) of T. urticae were investigated in detail. Larvae of both strains, AKITA and UK-99, showed 1,100- and 480-fold resistance against pyridaben, 870- and 45-fold resistance against fenpyroximate, and 33- and 44-fold resistance against tebufenpyrad, respectively, in a foliar spray application bioassay compared with the susceptible strain GSS. These resistance factors remained stable even when maintained in the laboratory without further selection. Furthermore, strain AKITA showed cross-resistance to dicofol. The METI resistant strains AKITA and UK-99 showed 2.4- and 1.7-fold enhanced O-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation (cytochrome P450) activity. Increased oxidative metabolism of the METI-acaricides in the resistant strains could be partially suppressed in vivo by the monooxygenase-inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. Reciprocal crosses of homozygous, diploid females and hemizygous, haploid males of strains GSS (susceptible) and AKITA (resistant) revealed that resistance to pyridaben and fenpyroximate was inherited incompletely dominant with slight differences between maternal and paternal inheritance. This is the first attempt to mechanistically describe METI-acaricide resistance in T. urticae. The implications for resistance management strategies are discussed.

Acaricidal and ovicidal effects of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (Lamiaceae) extracts on tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

“…However, using pesticides for a long time causes an ecological imbalance, side effects on natural enemies, and environmental pollution (Stumpf & Nauen 2002;Kim et al 2004). Besides, T. urticae has a high potential of breeding and its short life cycle facilitate its resistance against acaricides (Stumpf & Nauen 2001;Van Leeuwen et al 2006).…”

Abamectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae): selection, cross-resistance and stability of resistance

“…resistance development to many acaricides often after a few applications (Cranham & Helle 1985, Keena & Granett 1990, Devine et al 2001, Stumpf & Nauen 2001. Failure in the chemical control of T. urticae caused by resistance have been reported in several countries for compounds, such as organophosphates (Sato et al 1994), dicofol (FergussonKolmes et al 1991), organotins (Edge & James 1986, Flexner et al 1988; hexythiazox , clofentezine ; fenpyroximate (Stumpf & Nauen 2001, Sato et al 2004) and abamectin (Beers et al 1998).…”

Study of Potassium Silicate Spraying in Coffee Plants to Control &lt;i&gt;Oligonychus ilicis&lt;/i&gt; (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

“…As a consequence, the leaves lose their natural brightness, become tanned, with a reduction of up to 50% in the potential of photosynthesis [2] and delayed growth of new plants [3], resulting in damage to the development of plants and in coffee production [4] [2]. The continued use of chemical acaricides to control the O. ilicis mite population may result in resistant specimens among the mite population, as well as the possibility of causing resistance in other pests of coffee and affecting human health due to high amounts of toxic waste [1] [5] [6] [7].…”