Cross-section measurements of nuclides formed by the reaction of 0.20-6.0 GeV protons with<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts /><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow><mml:mn>197</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow /></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>

Kaufman, S.B.; Steinberg, E.P.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.22.167

Cited by 83 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…An interesting feature is that the width of charge distribution of the present work is the same as for the system 197 Au+p at 1.0-3.0 GeV [1], but in the present work the center of the charge distribution is shifted towards the neutron deficient side of the valley of beta-stability. There is also good agreement with the parameters S = 0, 477 and T = 2.4 × 10 −4 for the system 2 H+ 181 Ta at the deuterons energy of 7.3 GeV [3].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 45%

“…In order to obtain a complete picture of the mass distribution of the reaction products, it is necessary to estimate the cross sections of isotopes immeasurable by the inducedactivity method. In the present work the analysis of the charge distributions were obtained as the function of [1]:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of this model it was assumed that: (1) there is no correlation between the velocity v of the excited nucleus and V; (2) the angular distribution of fragments in the moving frame is isotropic; (3) the mean range in the laboratory system is proportional to the fragment speed; (4) v ⊥ is zero.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few data have been accumulated for the production of reaction products in the energy range around a few GeV, mostly from proton- [1,2] and heavy-ion-nucleus collisions [3,4]. The studies of deuteron-induced processes are very scattered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spallation of¹⁹⁷Au with 4.4-GeV deuterons

Karapetyan

Balabekyan

Demekhina

2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. A comprehensive set of 110 radioactive nuclide cross sections with mass numbers 22 ≤ A ≤ 198 amu in the interaction of 4.4-GeV deuterons with 197 Au have been measured for the first time. The results including charge distributions have been parameterized in term of a 3-parameter equation in order to reproduces the isobaric distributions. Using data from the charge distributions, the total mass-yield distribution was obtained. The new experimental data of the recoil properties of reaction products were also obtained. Kinematical characteristics of the reaction products obtained from measurements of the residuals emitted in the forward and backward directions exhibit different behavior depending on the mass region. The kinematical features of reaction products have been analyzed on the basis of the two-step model of high-energy nuclear reactions and discussed in terms of the different reaction mechanisms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 45%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spallation of¹⁹⁷Au with 4.4-GeV deuterons

Karapetyan

Balabekyan

Demekhina

2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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“…It was the result of experiments and theoretical thoughts especially in nuclear physics that paved the way to a new and much deeper understanding of equilibrium statistical mechanics and phase transitions in "Small" systems. I want to remind the pioneering attempts on nuclear multifragmentation, experimentally by the references [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], where finally Moretto [14] gave a concluding overview on the experimental situation of multifragmentation, even though he initially doubted the very existence of this new phenomenon in the paper entitled: "Complex fragment emission at 50 MeV/u -compound nuclei for ever" [15]. This development was soon theoretically accompanied and stimulated: [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and others.…”

Section: Thermo-statistics As Geometry and Topology Of The Mechanicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase transitions in “small” systems – A challenge for thermodynamics

Gross¹

2001

Nuclear Physics A

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Traditionally, phase transitions are defined in the thermodynamic limit only. We propose a new formulation of equilibrium thermo-dynamics that is based entirely on mechanics and reflects just the geometry and topology of the N-body phase-space as function of the conserved quantities, energy, particle number and others. This allows to define thermo-statistics without the use of the thermodynamic limit, to apply it to "Small" systems as well and to define phase transitions unambiguously also there. "Small" systems are systems where the linear dimension is of the characteristic range of the interaction between the particles. Also astrophysical systems are "Small" in this sense. Boltzmann defines the entropy as the logarithm of the area W (E, N) = e S(E,N ) of the surface in the mechanical N-body phase space at total energy E. The topology of S(E, N) or more precisely, of the curvature determinant D(E, N) = ∂ 2 S/∂E 2 * ∂ 2 S/∂N 2 − (∂ 2 S/∂E∂N) 2 allows the classification of phase transitions without taking the thermodynamic limit. The topology gives further a simple and transparent definition of the order parameter. Attention: Boltzmann's entropy S(E) as defined here is different from the information entropy c.f. [1] and can even be non-extensive and convex.

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