Cross-sectional analysis of eating patterns and snacking in the US Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008

Deming, Denise M.; Reidy, Kathleen; Fox, Mary Kay; Briefel, Ronette; Jacquier, Emma; Eldridge, Alison L.

doi:10.1017/s136898001700043x

Cited by 66 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Dessert and snack consumption is particularly problematic in young children because discretionary calories are limited to ∼100–150 kcal/d ( 14 ). In this article, we did not analyze eating occasions and whether these foods are consumed between meals; however, previous FITS showed that 25–28% of total energy intake in early childhood comes from snacks ( 38 ). In addition, other studies in children from 2 to 18 y have shown that both the prevalence of snacking and the amount of energy consumed from snacks have increased considerably over time ( 39 , 40 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Room for Improvement Remains in Food Consumption Patterns of Young Children Aged 2–4 Years

Welker

Jacquier

Catellier

et al. 2018

The Journal of Nutrition

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BackgroundHealthy food consumption patterns in early childhood support optimal growth and development and promote lifelong health.ObjectiveThe objective of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016 is to provide updated information on food consumption patterns of children aged 0 to <4 y. This article focuses on several key aspects of the food consumption patterns of 2- and 3-y-olds and how those patterns differ between racial/ethnic groups.MethodsThe FITS 2016 is a cross-sectional study in caregivers of children aged 0 to <4 y living in the United States. Dietary data were collected in a national random sample of children (n = 3235, of whom 600 were aged 24–47.9 mo) by using a 24-h dietary recall telephone survey with the primary caregiver of the child. Data from the recall were used to calculate the percentage of children consuming specific food groups on the day of the recall and energy from these foods (kilocalories per consumer). Differences in food patterns between racial/ethnic groups were analyzed by using ANOVA and t tests.ResultsOn the day of the 24-h dietary recall, 27% of 2- and 3-y-olds did not consume a distinct portion of vegetables. Fried potatoes were the most commonly consumed vegetable. Approximately 75% consumed a distinct portion of fruit and 45% consumed 100% fruit juice. Eighty-one percent of children consumed cow milk. Almost all (95%) consumed a grain product, and 59% consumed a whole grain–rich product. The majority of children (88%) consumed meat or another protein food. Nearly all (90%) consumed a dessert, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), or sweet; and 45% consumed an SSB. Thirty-six percent of children consumed a savory snack. There were some differences in food consumption patterns between racial/ethnic groups.ConclusionFindings from the FITS 2016 indicate that individual-, community-, and policy-level strategies are needed to improve the diets of young children in the United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Room for Improvement Remains in Food Consumption Patterns of Young Children Aged 2–4 Years

Welker

Jacquier

Catellier

et al. 2018

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…When looking at beverages consumed at various eating occasions, 24–47.9-month-olds were more likely to consume 100% juice and fruit-flavored drinks at every eating occasion compared to 12–23.9-month-olds, but particularly during snack times. This is concerning for while snacks can provide important nutrients [ 28 ], they can also make a significant contribution to overall energy in young children [ 26 , 57 ]. Bleich and Wolfson found that 2–5-year-olds who drink SSBs were more likely to consume salty and sweet snacks, as well as eat more total calories compared to those who do not consume SSBs [ 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few studies have assessed beverage intake among young children across eating occasions [ 24 , 25 ]. Previously, data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) demonstrated that consumption of beverages should be monitored as many young children were consuming 100% juice and SSBs at meals, especially at snack times [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Although there have been significant shifts in beverage patterns over the past several decades [ 14 , 29 ], no recent studies have focused on the eating occasions at which different types of beverages are consumed by infants and young children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beverage Consumption Patterns among Infants and Young Children (0–47.9 Months): Data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 2016

et al. 2018

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(1) Background: Data about early life beverage intake patterns is sparse. We describe beverage patterns among infants and young children from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. (2) Methods: FITS 2016 is a cross-sectional survey of U.S. parents/caregivers of children 0–47.9 months (n = 3235). Food and beverage intakes were collected by 24-h dietary recalls to describe beverage consumption patterns including: a) prevalence of consumption, per capita and per consumer intake, b) contribution to intake of calories and key nutrients, and c) prevalence according to eating occasions. (3) Results: Breast milk and infant formula were commonly consumed among <12-month-olds. Among 12–23.9-month-olds, the most commonly consumed beverage was whole milk (67% consuming), followed by 100% juice (50% consuming). Plain drinking water was consumed by 70% of 12–23.9-month-olds and 78% of 24–47.9-month-olds. Among 12–47.9-month-olds, milks provided more energy and key nutrients than all other beverages. Across eating occasions, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, especially in the form of fruit-flavored drinks, was higher among 24–47.9 compared to 12–23.9-month-olds. Only 23–32% of ≥12-month-olds consumed milk or water at lunch or dinner. (4) Conclusions: Opportunities exist to improve beverage patterns. Future interventions may benefit from focusing on timely introduction of age-appropriate beverages and reducing consumption of SSBs.

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“…A recent survey carried out by the Infant and Toddler Forum [ 16 ] reported that children as young as age two are being offered large, adult-sized portions of HED snacks. Similarly, in the US, 57% of preschool children are consuming cookies and candy daily [ 17 ]. A study examining US preschoolers aged 2–5 years demonstrated that the frequency of snacking and body weight are positively related [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Feasibility and Acceptability of Two Methods of Snack Portion Control in United Kingdom (UK) Preschool Children: Reduction and Replacement

et al. 2018

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Large portions of high energy dense (HED) snacks are offered to children from a young age and are pervasive in our food environment. This study aimed to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of two strategies of snack portion control: reduction and replacement. Forty-six mother-child dyads aged 22–56 months (36.6 ± 9.5 m, 48% female) completed a three-week intervention. In week 1 (baseline) no changes were made to the child’s diet; week 2 (acclimation) children received a standardised selection of HED snacks, and in week 3 (intervention) participants were randomly assigned to snack replacement (n = 24) or snack reduction (n = 22). Snack replacement involved swapping HED snacks for fruits and vegetables, whilst snack reduction involved reducing the size of HED snacks by 50%. Food and energy intake were measured using a weighed food diary for four consecutive days. Snack replacement resulted in more positive changes to children’s diets; vegetable intake increased (p < 0.01), and total daily energy intake decreased when compared to snack reduction (p < 0.05). Mothers expressed a more favourable attitude to snack replacement, although snack reduction was also well received by mothers. Despite increased preliminary efficacy of snack replacement on dietary intake, both strategies were feasible and acceptable. The current pilot study provides the necessary information to inform the design of future interventions.

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Cross-sectional analysis of eating patterns and snacking in the US Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008

Cited by 66 publications

References 21 publications

Room for Improvement Remains in Food Consumption Patterns of Young Children Aged 2–4 Years

Room for Improvement Remains in Food Consumption Patterns of Young Children Aged 2–4 Years

Beverage Consumption Patterns among Infants and Young Children (0–47.9 Months): Data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 2016

The Feasibility and Acceptability of Two Methods of Snack Portion Control in United Kingdom (UK) Preschool Children: Reduction and Replacement

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