Cross-sectional area of the tendons of the tarsal region in Standardbred trotter horses

Vilar, Jose M. G.; Santana, Angelo; Espinosa, J; Spinella, Giuseppe

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00141.x

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our findings are consistent with the results reported by other authors, confirming that better results are obtained when a linear probe is used for tendon examination in dogs and horses (Long and Nyland 1999;Bruce et al 2000;Kramer et al 2001;Agut et al 2009;Vilar et al 2011;Spinella et al 2013). Moreover, ultrasonographic findings confirmed the biological inactivity and biocompatibility of stainless steel AISI 316L, and revealed minimal tissue reaction of fibre tendon around it, with no chronic or degenerative lesions, up to 12 months after tenodesis (Navarro et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Long-term evaluation of bicipital tenodesis with T-staple in three dogs: a case report

Pinna¹,

Giorgi²,

Spinella³

2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The purpose of this report is to describe the T-staple tenodesis of biceps brachii in three client-owned dogs and long-term ultrasonographic follow-ups. The orthopaedic examination revealed grade 2/4 (n = 2) and 3/4 (n = 1) lameness, moderate pain on passive movement and positivity to the tendon biceps test with a complete extension of the elbow during the flexion of the shoulder (Cases 1 and 2). Ultrasound examination was crucial for diagnosis of partial or complete rupture and tenosynovitis of biceps tendon. Surgical tenodesis was carried out with a metal T-staple. One-year ultrasound follow-up was performed, confirming the correct integration of the staple on the bicipital fibres and the absence of macroscopic tendon injury or degenerative disease. The results suggest that the metal T-staple could be a good alternative for bicipital tenodesis in dogs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Long-term evaluation of bicipital tenodesis with T-staple in three dogs: a case report

Pinna¹,

Giorgi²,

Spinella³

2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…No correlation was observed between the weight and size of the animals and their tendon's CSA or external size. Variations in the CSA of tendons and ligaments of clinically normal horses have been described in a number of breeds [21, 28–30]. The variation of the CSA observed could be expressed by the individual variation of CSA of the healthy tendon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analyses of US images use both quantitative and qualitative measurements to assess injuries, including echogenicity, fibre alignment, size, shape, margination, and tendon position. Cross-sectional area (CSA) is the most objective feature for the evaluation tendon pathology and can be assessed accurately with US [19–21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonograph and Clinical Quantitative Characterization of Tendinopathy by Modified Splitting in a Goat Model

Grandis

Boulocher

Viguier

et al. 2012

The Scientific World Journal

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A tendinopathy is a clinical condition characterized by activity-related pain, focal tendons tenderness, and intratendinous imaging changes. This study characterizes a surgically induced tendinopathy in a goat model with a noninvasive in vivo longitudinal followup based on physical examination and US. Cross-sectional area (CSA) is the most objective feature for the evaluation of tendinopathy in correlation with clinical findings. The deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of the left hind limb of six goats was isolated and scarified by a modified splitting. Pain and lameness at walk and trot were evaluated. External width and thickness of tendon region were measured by calipers. CSA and the ratio lesion/tendon CSA were obtained at days 0, 7, 21, 42, and 84 by US. The highest value of global functional score was obtained at day 7, then decreased until day 40 and was not significantly different from day 0 at the end of the study. The external width recovered a normal value at the end of the study, but the external thickness was still significantly increased (P < 0.05). Peritendinous oedema was observed at day 7, but intratendinous lesions were visible only at day 21 as a focal hypo to anechoic area. At day 84, two tendons still presented visible lesions. US examination was reproducible, specific, and provided complementary information to the global functional score. A standardized focal tendinopathy was induced in goats. This experimental model of focal tendinopathy could be used to study the effect of different treatments.

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“…However, the qualitative method is subjective and based on a rough estimation of the intensity of the echoes (image brightness) (14). Cross-sectional area (CSA) and mean echogenicity (ME) are quantitative methods that allow more objective evaluation of the structural integrity and size of tendons through appropriate measurements, using specific software, thickness and shape changes (13,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of ultrasonographic measurement of CSA and ME in horses has been well established, but to the authors' knowledge, there are currently not any publications containing clearly reported information regarding quantitative ultrasonographic tendon measurements in dogs (13,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of shoulder and elbow tendons in adult German Shepherd dogs

Spinella¹,

Loprete²,

Musella³

et al. 2013

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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The aim of this study was to describe the cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of the main tendons of the shoulder and elbow joints in adult German Shepherd dogs and to determine the effects of sex, weight, and age on these parameters. No previous publications in the veterinary literature have reported information regarding quantitative ultrasonographic tendon measurements in dogs. Thirty German Shepherd dogs were examined: 13 males and 17 females. The cross-sectional area was significantly higher in males than in females (p <0.05) for the distal tendon of the triceps brachii muscle and the tendons of the flexor carpi ulnaris and common digital extensor muscles. The influence of sex on mean echogenicity was not significant. According to age, mean echogenicity was higher in older dogs, while the cross-sectional areas were similar in the two groups. Cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of the tendons showed a direct increase with an increase in body weight. The data gained from this study can help support the clinician to discriminate between normal and pathological conditions.

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Cross-sectional area of the tendons of the tarsal region in Standardbred trotter horses

Abstract: The establishment of reference values could serve as a tool to discriminate between normal and abnormal dimensions of tarsal tendons in STH. Other horse breeds should need their own reference values.

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Long-term evaluation of bicipital tenodesis with T-staple in three dogs: a case report

Long-term evaluation of bicipital tenodesis with T-staple in three dogs: a case report

Ultrasonograph and Clinical Quantitative Characterization of Tendinopathy by Modified Splitting in a Goat Model

Cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of shoulder and elbow tendons in adult German Shepherd dogs

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