Cross-sectional associations between metabolic syndrome and performance across cognitive domains: A systematic review

Alcorn, Tara; Hart, Elise; Smith, Ashleigh E.; Feuerriegel, Daniel; Stephan, Blossom C M; Siervo, Mario; Keage, Hannah A.D.

doi:10.1080/23279095.2017.1363039

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…We found that the executive function factor score was a significant moderator in the relationship between greater vascular risk and lower SPPB score and slower gait speed. This is consistent with prior findings of higher levels of cardiovascular risks and poorer performance on tasks purported to assess executive function (Alcorn et al, 2019;Rouch et al, 2014). Furthermore, there is substantial evidence supporting the important role executive function plays in controlling gait (Parihar, Mahoney, & Verghese, 2013), where decline in executive function is associated with gait dysfunction and slowing of gait (Mirelman et al, 2018;Montero-Odasso et al, 2012;Poole et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Performance: The Moderating Role of Cognition among Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults

Ogawa

Leritz

McGlinchey

et al. 2020

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objective: Mobility limitation and cognitive decline are related. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), the clustering of three or more cardiovascular risk factors, is associated with decline in both mobility and cognition. However, the interrelationship among MetS, mobility, and cognition is unknown. This study investigated a proposed pathway where cognition moderates the relationship between MetS and Mobility. Method: Adults ages 45–90 years were recruited. MetS risk factors and mobility performance (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and gait speed) were evaluated. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. A factor analysis of neuropsychological test scores yielded three factors: executive function, explicit memory, and semantic/contextual memory. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the relationship among MetS, mobility, and cognition. Results: Of the 74 participants (average age 61 ± 9 years; 41% female; 69% White), 27 (36%) participants manifested MetS. Mean SPPB score was 10.9 ± 1.2 out of 12 and gait speed was 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s. There were no statistically significant differences in mobility by MetS status. However, increase in any one of the MetS risk factors was associated with decreased mobility performance after adjusting for age and gender (SPPB score: β (SE) -.17 (0.08), p < .05; gait speed: -.03 (.01), p < .01). Further adjusting for cognitive factors (SPPB score: explicit memory .31 (.14), p = .03; executive function 0.45 (0.13), p < .01; gait speed: explicit memory 0.04 (0.02), p = .03; executive function 0.06 (0.02), p < .01) moderated the relationships between number of metabolic risk factors and mobility. Conclusion: The relationship between metabolic risk factors and mobility may be moderated by cognitive performance, specifically through executive function and explicit memory.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Performance: The Moderating Role of Cognition among Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults

Ogawa

Leritz

McGlinchey

et al. 2020

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…ERPs enable us to index the time-course of critical processes for everyday cognition, including visual perception, categorization, and memory-related processes. We recorded ERPs while participants completed an executive function task, as performance in this domain appears particularly susceptible to cardiometabolic risk factors ( 18 , 20 , 21 ) and has been reported to be the earliest domain affected by cardiometabolic factors, with impairment in other cognitive domains becoming apparent as cardiometabolic and vascular diseases progress ( 22 , 23 ). We also took the summative cardiometabolic factor approach [similar to ( 12 , 13 )], given that individual risk factors rarely occur in isolation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Objective Cardiometabolic Burden Associated With Attenuations in the P3b Event-Related Potential Component in Older Adults

et al. 2020

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Cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors increase the risk of late-life cognitive impairment and dementia and have also been associated with detrimental gray and white matter changes. However, the functional brain changes associated with cardiometabolic health in late-life are unclear. We sought to characterize these functional changes by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during an n-back working memory task (0, 1, and 2 back) in 85 adults (60% female) between 50 and 80 years of age. Due to a stratified recruitment approach, participants varied widely in relation to cognitive function and cardiometabolic health. Standard and objective cutoffs for high blood glucose, waist to hip ratio (i.e., obesity), high blood cholesterol, and hypertension were employed to generate a summative score for cardiometabolic burden (none, one, or two or more above cutoff). Mixed effects modeling (covarying for age and gender) revealed no statistically significant associations between cardiometabolic burden and visual P1 and N1 component amplitudes. There was a significant effect for the P3b component: as cardiometabolic burden increased, P3b amplitude decreased. We show that cardiometabolic factors related to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia in late-life associate with brain activity, as recorded via ERPs. Findings have relevance for the monitoring of lifestyle interventions (typically targeting cardiometabolic factors) in aging, as ERPs may provide a more sensitive measure of change than cognitive performance. Further, our results raise questions related to the findings of a broad range of ERP studies where the groups compared may differ in their cardiometabolic health status (not only in psychological symptomatology).

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“…Studies of community-dwelling older adults have observed that certain domains -perceptual motor function, language and memory -were consistently associated with frailty across studies [39][40][41] . A recent systematic review found that cross-sectional studies consistently reported that the metabolic syndrome was most consistently associated with reduced performance on executive function tasks, whereas associations with performance in attention/working memory/information processing, memory, language, and construction/motor performance domains were mixed 42 . Our results on the cognitive domains of immediate memory, delayed memory, and visuospatial/constructional ability highlighted the need for closer attention in specific areas of diabetes self-care or management such as medication adherence, self-monitoring of blood glucose and appointment keeping.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Lower Extremity Skeletal Muscle Mass and Impaired Cognitive Function in Type 2 Diabetes

Low

Lim

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Lower extremity skeletal muscle mass (LESM) in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has been linked to adverse clinical events, but it is not known whether it is associated with cognitive difficulties. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 1,235 people (mean age 61.4 ± 8.0 years) with T2D under primary and secondary care in Singapore. Bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) measures of upper extremity skeletal muscle mass (UESM), LESM and appendicular skeletal muscle index (SMI) were related to the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) measures of cognition, in multiple linear regression. In multivariable models, tertile 1 LESM (b = −2.62 (−3.92 to −1.32)) and tertile 2 LESM (b = −1.73 (−2.73 to −0.73)), referenced to tertile 3) were significantly associated with decreased RBANS total score. Significant associations of LESM with cognitive domain performances were observed for tertile 1 (b = −3.75 (−5.98 to −1.52)) and tertile 2 (b = −1.98 (−3.69 to −0.27)) with immediate memory, and for tertile 1 (b = −3.05 (−4.86 to −1.24)) and tertile 2 (b = −1.87 (−3.25 to −0.48)) with delayed memory, and for tertile 1 (b = −2.99 (−5.30 to −0.68)) with visuospatial/ constructional ability. Tertile 1 SMI (b = −1.94 (−3.79 to −0.08) and tertile 2 SMI (b = −1.75 (−3.14 to −0.37)) were also associated with delayed memory. There were no associations between UESM with cognitive performance. Lower LESM may be a useful marker of possible co-occuring cognitive dysfunction. Sarcopenia, the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength and physical function 1,2 , is linked to adverse events and outcomes including hospitalization, disability and mortality 3-6. Recent studies have also examined the association between sarcopenia and impaired cognitive function as both conditions are highly prevalent in advanced age 2. However, results have been rather divergent 7-12 as some studies reported a link 9-11 while others did not 7,8,12. It is not clear if such a relationship is evident in older individuals with diabetes. Of note, older patients with long-term type 2 diabetes (T2D) typically show accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength. As skeletal muscle plays a key role in glucose storage, absorption and metabolism, diabetic myopathy is an important, but often overlooked condition, that contributes to additional complications and adverse outcomes 13. It is plausible that sarcopenia and cognitive impairment may have a "common soil" known as age-related inflammation (i.e.

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Cross-sectional associations between metabolic syndrome and performance across cognitive domains: A systematic review

Cited by 25 publications

References 64 publications

Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Performance: The Moderating Role of Cognition among Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults

Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Performance: The Moderating Role of Cognition among Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults

Increasing Objective Cardiometabolic Burden Associated With Attenuations in the P3b Event-Related Potential Component in Older Adults

Association between Lower Extremity Skeletal Muscle Mass and Impaired Cognitive Function in Type 2 Diabetes

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