We classify credit rating agencies into two groups: subscribing and non-subscribing.Investors can access (non-subscribing) credit reports released to the public for no charge, or investors can subscribe to the fee-paying (subscribing) credit reports from agencies. Our results suggest that the information content of non-subscribing credit agencies is very low, whereas positive excess returns exist up to eight months after the announcement of credit upgrades from the subscription-only agencies. We support the hypothesis proposed in Stiglitz (1976, 1980). Investors who spend resources on information acquisition should receive compensation for their information advantage, or there would be no incentive for such activity.
JEL classification: G14; G39