Cross-species infection of pigs with a novel rabbit, but not rat, strain of hepatitis E virus isolated in the United States

Cossaboom, Caitlin M.; Córdoba, Laura; Sanford, Brenton J.; Piñeyro, Pablo; Kenney, Scott P.; Dryman, Barbara A.; Wang, Youchun; Meng, Xiang‐Jin

doi:10.1099/vir.0.041509-0

Cited by 125 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Conversely, rabbit HEV strains can infect pigs and macaques (213,214), and they can replicate in two human cancer cell lines (96), suggesting the ability to adapt to other mammalian hosts. A study in China found no evidence of natural crossspecies infection with rabbit HEV (93).…”

Section: Scope and Duration Of Protective Immunity To Hev Following Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

2014

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SUMMARY Hepatitis E virus (HEV), identified over 30 years ago, remains a serious threat to life, health, and productivity in developing countries where access to clean water is limited. Recognition that HEV also circulates as a zoonotic and food-borne pathogen in developed countries is more recent. Even without treatment, most cases of HEV-related acute viral hepatitis (with or without jaundice) resolve within 1 to 2 months. However, HEV sometimes leads to acute liver failure, chronic infection, or extrahepatic symptoms. The mechanisms of pathogenesis appear to be substantially immune mediated. This review covers the epidemiology of HEV infection worldwide, the humoral and cellular immune responses to HEV, and the persistence and protection of antibodies produced in response to both natural infection and vaccines. We focus on the contributions of altered immune states (associated with pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and immunosuppressive agents used in cancer and transplant medicine) to the elevated risks of chronic infection (in immunosuppressed/immunocompromised patients) and acute liver failure and mortality (among pregnant women). We conclude by discussing outstanding questions about the immune response to HEV and interactions with hormones and comorbid conditions. These questions take on heightened importance now that a vaccine is available.

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Section: Scope and Duration Of Protective Immunity To Hev Following Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

2014

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“…Phylogenetic analysis of HEV isolated from humans and a variety of animal species proposed a revision of the taxonomy of the Hepeviridae (table 1) [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Two recent publications suggested classifying the molecularly characterised HEV in different taxonomic genera [14,15].…”

Section: Current Knowledge About the Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether rbHEV can be grouped as a separate genotype remains to be determined. Transmission experiments showed that some pigs infected with rbHEV-3 developed viraemia and shed virus with faeces [19]. However, epidemiologic studies showed that no transmission of rbHEV to pigs took place under natural conditions [88].…”

Section: Current Knowledge About the Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus

Pauli¹,

Aepfelbacher

Bauerfeind

et al. 2015

Transfus Med Hemother

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“…Genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans, while genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. The recently identified rabbit HEV is a distant member of genotype 3 and can infect pigs (Meng, 2011;Cossaboom et al, 2012). Rabbit HEVs with considerable genetic diversity are prevalent (15 % seroprevalence) in farmed rabbits in China (Geng et al, 2011).…”

Section: Epidemiological Linkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

2013

EFSA Journal

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Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and Toxoplasma gondii in farmed deer and farmed wild boar were ranked as a high priority for meat inspection. Trichinella spp. in wild boar was ranked as low priority due to current controls, which should be continued. For chemical hazards, all substances were ranked as medium or lower potential concern. More effective control of biological hazards could be achieved using an integrated farm to chilled carcass approach, including improved food chain information (FCI) and risk-based controls. Further studies are required on Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and T. gondii in farmed wild boar and farmed deer. If new information confirms a high risk to public health from meat from these species, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Palpation and incision should be omitted, as it will not detect biological hazards considered to be a high priority for meat inspection while increasing the potential spread and crosscontamination of the carcasses with Salmonella. Palpation and/or incision may be applied where abnormalities have been detected but away from the slaughter line. However the elimination of routine palpation and incision would be detrimental for detecting tuberculosis. As farmed deer and farmed wild boar can act as tuberculosis reservoirs, any reduction in the detection, due to changes in the post-mortem inspection procedures, will have SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks to public health that should be addressed by meat inspection were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current methods of meat inspection were evaluated; and recommendations were made for inspection methods fit for the purpose of meeting the overall objectives of meat inspection for hazards not covered by the current meat inspection system, and for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspections that provide an equivalent level of protection. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any changes proposed to current inspection methods were assessed. This opinion covers the inspection of meat from farmed game, specifically farmed deer, reindeer, ostrich, wild boar and rabbit.To fulfil this mandate, the first stage in this assessment focused on identifying the biological hazards that occur in farmed game in Europe. The relevance of each biological hazard was evaluated based on two criteria: (1) any evidence that the biological hazard is transmissible to humans through the handling, preparation and/or consumption of farmed game meat; and (2) evidence that the biological hazard is present in the farmed game population in the European Union (EU). Biological hazards t...

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Cross-species infection of pigs with a novel rabbit, but not rat, strain of hepatitis E virus isolated in the United States

Cited by 125 publications

References 50 publications

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Hepatitis E Virus

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

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