Cross-talk between hepatokines as Liver indused-exercise factors and organokines

Abstract

Exercise not only improves the capacity of the skeletal muscles that perform contractions, but also provides health benefits and prevents a number of chronic diseases caused by physiological and biological changes throughout the body. For decades, intensive research has been carried out into the “exercise factors” that mediate these positive effects. In particular, skeletal muscle tissue has been studied as a source of circulating exercise factors and several myokines have been identified. However, Exercise also affects other tissues. The liver plays an important role in the tissues that store and use energy as well as it is very active during exercise and ensures the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Recently, a novel group of Liver indused-exercise factors termed hepatokines has emerged. Hepatokines can act in an autocrine/paracrine manner on the liver and as endocrine factors on brain, endothelium, adipose tissue, pancreas, heart, intestine, and skeletal muscle. In most cases, an acute bout of exercise increases the systemic concentration of hepatokines (FGF21, ANGPTL4, Follistatin, Selenoprotein P, HSP72 ,IGFBP, fetuin-A, fetuin-B, Hepassocin, Activin E, Chemerin, Adropin) and this factors released from the liver and increased in the bloodstream during or in the recovery after an exercise bout. It should be noted that in addition to liver tissue, there are also other hepatokines secreted and released by other tissues such as brain, adipocytes, intestine, heart, osteoblasts and melanoma. In this narrative review, we evaluate this new group of exercise factors focusing on the regulation and potential function in exercise metabolism and adaptations .These hepatokines may convey some of the beneficial whole-body effects of exercise and cross-talk with organokines and could ameliorate metabolic diseases, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes.