"The inventory of extant synchronic types are but the inventory of available grammaticalization pathways that gave rise to them. Consequently, the constraints on syntactic universals are in essence constraints on the developmental process of grammaticalization, rather than on the resulting synchronic structures" Talmy Givón (2001: 205)."All explanations for linguistic phenomena, both universal and language-specific, must necessarily have a diachronic dimension, since all linguistic phenomena have histories which determine their present conventionalized state. With respect to language universals [...], an explanation is not valid unless it can be demonstrated that the explanatory principle is actually at work in the mechanism of change that brings about the cross-linguistic pattern.Taking the role of diachrony one step further, one could argue that since there are so few absolute universals, identifying the mechanisms of change behind cross-linguistic patterns will lead us closer to an understanding of the factors that produce cross-linguistic patterns, and these factors, I would maintain, are the only true universals of language [...]. Thus, the focus for establishing the explanations for cross-linguistic similarities should be on the mechanisms of change" Joan Bybee (2008: 108).
AbstractIn this paper, we argue that an expanded conception of the distinction between speaker-oriented and subjectoriented inferences is crucial for understanding the motivations and mechanisms of semantic change in grammaticalization and subjectivation, on the one hand, and for clarifying the links between semantic change and reductive formal changes. Speaker-oriented inferences have significant consequences, leading to the relaxation of selectional restrictions on a construction. In turn, the relaxation of selectional restrictions can create conditions in which the type-and token-frequency of a construction can rise considerably. Furthermore, changes in the selectional restrictions on a construction can themselves catalyze semantic change by coercing listeners into new form-function pairings. This framework is applied to the grammaticalization of allative futures, a typological comparative concept developed in order to compare structurally diverse future tenses. A small typological study allows us to reconsider some problematic pathways of grammaticalization and to suggest some alternative analyses. Following the typological discussion, a detailed diachronic case study of a verbless allative future in Ancient Egyptian is presented.