Crosslinked polymeric ionic liquids as solid-phase microextraction sorbent coatings for high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

Neat crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coatings for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) compatible with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are reported for the first time. Six structurally different PILs were crosslinked to nitinol supports and applied for the determination of select pharmaceutical drugs, phenolics, and insecticides. Sampling conditions including sample solution pH, extraction time, desorption solvent, desorption time, and desorption solvent volume were optimized using design of experiment (DOE). The developed PIL sorbent coatings were stable when performing extractions under acidic pH and remained intact in various organic desorption solvents (i.e., methanol, acetonitrile, acetone). The PIL-based sorbent coating polymerized from the IL monomer 1-vinyl-3-(10-hydroxydecyl) imidazolium chloride [VC10OHIM][Cl] and IL crosslinker 1,12-di(3-vinylbenzylimidazolium) dodecane dichloride [(VBIM)2C12] 2[Cl] exhibited superior extraction performance compared to the other studied PILs. The extraction efficiency of pharmaceutical drugs and phenolics increased when the film thickness of the PIL-based sorbent coating was increased while many insecticides were largely unaffected. Satisfactory analytical performance was obtained with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.2 to 2 μg L(-1) for the target analytes. The accuracy of the analytical method was examined by studying the relative recovery of analytes in real water samples, including tap water and lake water, with recoveries varying from 50.2% to 115.9% and from 48.8% to 116.6%, respectively.

Utilization of highly robust and selective crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent coatings in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for determining polar organic pollutants in waters

“…More recently, Yu et al developed a neat PIL for DI-SPME-HPLC, using both a monocationic IL monomer and a dicationic IL as a crosslinker onto nitinol supports [33]. The coatings exhibited high stability in acidic media as well as in presence of several organic solvents.…”

Application of a solid‐phase microextraction fiber coated with a graphene oxide‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) composite for the extraction of triazoles from water

“…In SPME, the coating material of the fiber is also one of the most important roles, since it affects the partitioning of the analytes between the coating and sample matrix, and consequently affects the extraction sensitivity and selectivity of the SPME method. Up to now, the coating materials of SPME have undergone rapid development from traditional commercial coatings (such as polyacrylate (PA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), carbowax/templated resin, and so on) to many other novel coatings (such as molecular imprinted polymer , polymeric ionic liquid , metal‐organic framework , carbon nanotube based coatings, and so on). Graphene, as an allotropic member of carbon, has an atomically thin honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, which comprises a single layer of sp 2 ‐hybridized carbon nanostructure .…”

Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans

“…The PIL bucky gel sorbent coatings demonstrated higher efficiency for the extraction of PAHs from tap water respect to the neat PIL-based sorbent coating, due to a significant enhancement of the π-π interaction between the sorbent coatings and the aromatic analytes. Neat crosslinked PIL sorbent compatible with high-performance liquid chromatography was proposed by Yu et al [131]. Six structurally different PILs were crosslinked to nitinol supports and applied for the determination of phenols, and multiclass insecticides.…”