Although zinc and copper are required
by proteins with very different
functions, these metals can be delivered to cellular locations by
homologous metal transporters within the same organism, as demonstrated
by the cyanobacterial (Synechocystis PCC 6803) zinc exporter ZiaA and thylakoidal copper importer PacS.
The N-terminal metal-binding domains of these transporters (ZiaAN and PacSN, respectively) have related ferredoxin
folds also found in the metallochaperone Atx1, which delivers copper
to PacS, but differ in the residues found in their M/IXCXXC metal-binding
motifs. To investigate the role of the nonconserved residues in this
region on metal binding, the sequence from ZiaAN has been
introduced into Atx1 and PacSN, and the motifs of Atx1
and PacSN swapped. The motif sequence can tune Cu(I) affinity
only approximately 3-fold. However, the introduction of the ZiaAN motif (MDCTSC) dramatically increases the Zn(II) affinity
of both Atx1 and PacSN by up to 2 orders of magnitude.
The Atx1 mutant with the ZiaAN motif crystallizes as a
side-to-side homodimer very similar to that found for [Cu(I)2–Atx1]2 (Badarau20726513Biochemistry2010497798). In a crystal structure of the PacSN mutant possessing
the ZiaAN motif (PacSNZiaAN), the Asp residue from the metal-binding motif coordinates Zn(II).
This demonstrates that the increased Zn(II) affinity of this variant
and the high Zn(II) affinity of ZiaAN are due to the ability
of the carboxylate to ligate this metal ion. Comparison of the Zn(II)
sites in PacSNZiaAN structures provides
additional insight into Zn(II) trafficking in cyanobacteria.