Crosstalk between gut microbiome and immunology in the management of ischemic brain injury

Rahman, Ziaur; Dandekar, Manoj P.

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577498

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 228 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Several chronic neurodegenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system have been associated with the polarization of microglia towards a proinflammatory phenotype; these are characterized generally by a change in the shape of the cells and by increased expression of iNOS, as well as an increased synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The interconnections of gut microbiota perturbation with CNS disorders have been well-documented in recent times, as well as the real and/or putative interactions with the immune system [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Furthermore, the direct impact of gut microbiota on the functions of microglial cells has been shown [ 39 , 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gut microbiota and their metabolites cooperate to the maintenance of homeostasis by interacting with innate and adaptive immune components; therefore, microbiome-targeted therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics hold great potentials to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of a treated yeast preparation, Milmed, provide a plausible therapeutic application in the treatment of several areas of infection and/or allergic reactions, as recently indicated [ 17 , 40 ]. In view of the anti-neurodegenerative observations of the treated yeast [ 21 ], further research upon the effects of the treated yeast upon growth factors and autophagy ought to be explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Microglial cells polarized towards a proinflammatory phenotype are considered the main cellular players of neuroinflammation, underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition is associated with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that underlie chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, and perturbations to the gut microbiota were detected in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The importance of gut-brain axis has been uncovered and the relevance of an appropriate microbiota balance has been highlighted. Probiotic treatment, rebalancing the gut microbioma, may reduce inflammation. We show that Milmed yeast, obtained from S. cerevisiae after exposure to electromagnetic millimeter wavelengths, induces a reversal of LPS-M1 polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated morphologically by the recovery of resting phenotype by microglia, by the decrease in the mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and in the expression of iNOS. Moreover, Milmed stimulated the secretion of IL-10 and the expression of Arginase-1, cell markers of M2 anti-inflammatory polarized cells. The present findings data suggest that Milmed may be considered to be a probiotic with diversified anti-inflammatory activity, capable of directing the polarization of microglial cells.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As increased levels of SCFAs from FMT recipient models have been shown to increase positive outcomes from neurologic injury, researchers have recently begun experimenting with orally administered SCFAs in animal neurologic injury models [ 114 , 115 , 116 ]. In 2020, Sadler et al [ 117 ] treated mice with 4 weeks of oral SCFA supplementation before implementation of experimental stroke.…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. Neurologic injuries such as ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesions can all lead to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, unfavorable alterations in the composition of the microbiota may be associated with increased risk for these neurologic injuries due to increased proinflammatory molecules and clotting factors. Interventions such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and oral SCFAs have been shown to stabilize and improve the composition of the microbiome. However, the effect this has on neurologic injury prevention and recovery has not been studied extensively. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the complex relationship between the nervous system and the microbiome and to report how neurologic injury modulates the status of the microbiome. Finally, we will propose various interventions that may be beneficial in the recovery from neurologic injury.

show abstract

“…It has been proposed that increased proinflammatory mediators, compromising BBB integrity and activation of microglia following ischemic insult are linked with gut dysbiosis [ 222 , 223 ]. Moreover, perturbation of gut microbiota and metabolites of the intestine are accompanied by low levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may represent a decrease in neuroprotective effects [ 223 , 224 ]. The reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β after stroke have been linked with gut dysbiosis [ 225 ].…”

Section: Novel Exploratory Targets In Ischemic Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Preclinical Models of Ischemic Stroke: Insights Into the Pathomechanisms and New Treatment Strategies

Singh

Kharwar

Dandekar

2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Stroke is a serious neurovascular problem and the leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The disrupted demand to supply ratio of blood and glucose during cerebral ischemia develops hypoxic shock, and subsequently necrotic neuronal death in the affected regions. Multiple causal factors like age, sex, race, genetics, diet, and lifestyle play an important role in the occurrence as well as progression of post-stroke deleterious events. These biological and environmental factors may be contributed to vasculature variable architecture and abnormal neuronal activity. Since recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only clinically effective clot bursting drug, there is a huge unmet medical need for newer therapies for the treatment of stroke. Innumerous therapeutic interventions have shown promise in the experimental models of stroke but failed to translate it into clinical counterparts. Methods: Original publications regarding pathophysiology, preclinical experimental models, new targets and therapies targeting ischemic stroke have been reviewed since the 1970s. Results: We highlighted the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral stroke and preclinical stroke models. We discuss the strengths and caveats of widely used ischemic stroke models, and commented on the potential translational problems. We also describe the new emerging treatment strategies, including stem cell therapy, neurotrophic factors and gut microbiome-based therapy for the management of post-stroke consequences. Results : We highlighted the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral stroke and preclinical stroke models. We discuss the strengths and caveats of widely used ischemic stroke models, and commented on the potential translational problems. We also describe the new emerging treatment strategies, including stem cell therapy, neurotrophic factors and gut microbiome-based therapy for the management of post-stroke consequences. Conclusion: There are still many inter-linked pathophysiological alterations with regards to stroke, animal models need not necessarily mimic the same conditions of stroke pathology and newer targets and therapies are the need of the hour in stroke research.

show abstract

Crosstalk between gut microbiome and immunology in the management of ischemic brain injury

Cited by 19 publications

References 228 publications

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury

A Review on Preclinical Models of Ischemic Stroke: Insights Into the Pathomechanisms and New Treatment Strategies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About