Crowding and vaccination: Tourist's two-sided perception on crowding and the moderating effect of vaccination status during COVID-19 pandemic

Loyalty in the time of COVID-19: A review of the literature in tourism destination settings

“…The perceived crowding at destinations was found to negatively impact (β = −0.180) tourist’s destination loyalty in the research of Papadopoulou et al (2022) , and the relationship is moderated by overtourism awareness (β = 0.300). Similarly, the model estimated by Nie et al (2022) revealed destination loyalty not only influenced by the extent of crowding at the destination (β = −0.144), but also by its perceived popularity (β = 0.172) and attractiveness (β = 0.464). Interestingly, a moderation through multi-group analysis (MGA) comparing COVID-19 vaccination status (vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated) yielded a greater, positive effect of attractiveness on loyalty in tourists who had been vaccinated.…”

“…The review identified recurrent theories and conceptual frameworks under which the hypotheses were developed. Examples of some well-known theories employed are Mehrabian and Russell’s (1974) stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) in Koç et al (2022) , Majeed et al (2022) , and Nie et al (2022) , Rogers’ (1975) protection motivation theory (PMT) in Rather (2021) and Cambra-Fierro et al (2022) , or Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB) in Torabi et al (2022) , adding to the integration of research findings with higher-level theoretical explanations ( Hunt, 2010 ).…”

“…While some of the articles studied destination loyalty drawing from existing models in the marketing and tourism literature framed within the context of COVID-19 impacts, others works hypothesized moderation and/or mediation effects with new constructs specifically relevant to the pandemic disruptions (e.g., Han et al, 2021 ; Hassan and Soliman, 2021 ; Rather, 2021 ; Cambra-Fierro et al, 2022 ; Lee and Kim, 2022 ; Manchanda and Deb, 2022 ; Nie et al, 2022 ; Papadopoulou et al, 2022 ). The overall results from the reviewed models show the substantial impact that some drivers continue to have on loyalty, as exhibited by the effects from destination satisfaction (β = 0.790) by Papadopoulou et al (2022) and (β = 0.688) by Chebli et al (2021) , perceived quality (β = 0.660) by Cambra-Fierro et al (2022) , engagement (β = 0.630) by Rather (2021) , or destination image (β = 0.530) by Zaman et al (2021) .…”

Effect of Display Methods on Intentions to Use Virtual Reality in Museum Tourism

“…The validity of the S-O-R framework has been verified in the domains of tourist behavior research (Nie et al, 2022). This framework provides a reasonable explanation for tourists’ perceptions and behaviors (Hew et al, 2018; Nie et al, 2022).…”

“…The validity of the S-O-R framework has been verified in the domains of tourist behavior research (Nie et al, 2022). This framework provides a reasonable explanation for tourists’ perceptions and behaviors (Hew et al, 2018; Nie et al, 2022). Employing S-O-R framework, Chen et al (2023) found that connectedness to nature and environmental awareness both have statistically significant influences on tourists’ green consumption intentions later in life; in Q.…”