“…Investigating the effects of FDI on domestic investment [ 37 ], explored the crowding impacts of FDI on Indian domestic investment from 1990 to 91 to 2014–15, revealing a crowding-out effect. Similarly [ 38 ], analyzed MENA countries' FDI and domestic investment relationship from 1981 to 2017, noting a long-term positive impact of FDI on domestic investment.…”