“…Also referred to as citizen science and citizen social science (e.g., Procter et al, 2013; also see https://scistarter.com/), this participatory process has recently gained in popularity due to the increasing volume of scientific data and limited centralized support to efficiently process the data (Ranard et al, 2014). Although extensively used in the biomedical domain as a way to harness the computational power of many people to process large-scale biomedical data-such as to support genome sequence analysis (Kawrykow, Roumanis, Kam & Kwak, 2012;Rallapalli et al, 2015) and protein structure prediction (Cooper et al, 2010)-it is also now being used as a field-based research methodology in a wide range of disciplines; for example crowdsourcing approaches are used to classify distant galaxies (Lintott et al, 2008; also see https://www.galaxyzoo.org/), create geographic digital maps (Whitmeyer & De Paor, 2014), collect more representative data in forensic psychology research (Baker, Fox & Wingrove, 2016), tackle complex architectural design needs (Newton & Backhouse, 2013), validate assessment of interventions for speech disorders (Byun, Halpin & Szeredi, 2015), and engage in new product development (Schemmann, Hermann, Chappin & Heimeriks, 2016). The growing need for crowdsourcing in research and development has led to social networked spaces such as the Amazon Mechanical Turk (https://www.mturk.com/), CloudFactory (https://www.cloudfactory.com/), CrowdFlower (https://www.crowdflower.com/), and clickworker (https://www.clickworker.com/)-online, distributed sources of available workers.…”