“…Aberrant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base alteration, also known as DNA mutation, is a significant hallmark for early diagnosis of diseases including cancer. − For example, the mutations of the KRAS oncogene have the potential to transform normal cells into cancerous cells, especially for the one-base mismatched single nucleotide polymorphism. , KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes and has been associated with the occurrence of multiple cancers worldwide; for example, its relevant mutations have been found in 35–40% of colorectal cancers, 25% of lung cancers, and 90% of pancreatic cancers. , Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing reliable tactics to differentiate mutant from wild-type (WT) genes. , At present, most approaches rely on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. PCR requires strictly controlled parameters (e.g., temperature cycle, concentrations, primer design, the influence of PCR inhibitors) and prior knowledge of the target sequence.…”