Crude Urease Extract for Biocementation

Tirkolaei, Hamed Khodadadi; Javadi, Neda; Krishnan, Vinay; Hamdan, Nasser; Kavazanjian, Edward

doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003466

Cited by 78 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The authors found that the low-activity enzyme produced anhedral calcite crystals while the high-activity enzyme produced mostly euhedral calcite crystals. The differences in the observed morphology may be attributed to the degree of purity of both enzymes, as also suggested by Khodadadi, Javadi [115].…”

Section: Engineering Applications Of Urease Aided-caco 3 Precipitation 71 Improvement Of the Strength And Stiffness Of Soilssupporting

confidence: 62%

A Review of Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP): The Role of Enzyme Kinetics

Ahenkorah

Rahman

Karim

et al. 2021

Sustainable Chemistry

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Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a relatively new bio-cementation technique for ground improvement. In EICP, calcium carbonate () precipitation occurs via urea hydrolysis catalysed by the urease enzyme sourced from plants. EICP offers significant potential for innovative and sustainable engineering applications, including strengthening of soils, remediation of contaminants, enhancement of oil recovery through bio-plugging and other in situ field applications. Given the numerous potential applications of EICP, theoretical understanding of the rate and quantity of precipitation via the ureolytic chemical reaction is vital for optimising the process. For instance, in a typical EICP process, the rate and quantity of precipitation can depend significantly on the concentration, activity and kinetic properties of the enzyme used along with the reaction environment such as pH and temperature. This paper reviews the research and development of enzyme-catalysed reactions and its applications for enhancing precipitation in EICP. The paper also presents the assessment and estimation of kinetic parameters, such as the maximal reaction velocity () and the Michaelis constant (), that are associated with applications in civil and geotechnical engineering. Various models for evaluating the kinetic reactions in EICP are presented and discussed, taking into account the influence of pH, temperature and inhibitors. It is shown that a good understanding of the kinetic properties of the urease enzyme can be useful in the development, optimisation and prediction of the rate of precipitation in EICP.

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Section: Engineering Applications Of Urease Aided-caco 3 Precipitation 71 Improvement Of the Strength And Stiffness Of Soilssupporting

confidence: 62%

A Review of Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP): The Role of Enzyme Kinetics

Ahenkorah

Rahman

Karim

et al. 2021

Sustainable Chemistry

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“…Reported Enzyme Activity (mg NH 3 /g/h at 30 Pure urease can be costly, accounting for 57-98% of the total cost of the EICP cementing solution [44]. In an attempt to reduce the treatment cost, some researchers examined the use of crude urease enzyme extracted in the lab from jack bean [45], watermelon [46,47], soybean [48], and bacterial cells [24,49,50] as cheap alternatives to costly lab-grade urease enzymes. Urease was extracted and purified from watermelon seeds through blending, filtration, and acetone fractionation.…”

Section: Enzyme Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid growth of bacteria outside the soil can be promising for the commercial production of the enzyme. Khodadadi et al [45] investigated the use of crude jack bean extracted with low purity in deionized water as the source of the enzyme without the need for extra fractionation steps or chemical extraction solution to get the purified extracts. Javadi et al [54] investigated the use of lyophilization through freeze and drying the crude enzyme extract to a powder to facilitate storage and transportation of the extracted enzyme.…”

Section: Enzyme Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They attributed this increase partially to the nucleation points formed by the non-fat milk protein. Khodadadi et al [45] studied the effect of specific urease activity (U) defined as urease activity by the total amount of protein (U/mg of protein). The specific activity can be considered as an index of the urease purity (the higher the number the higher the urease enzyme purity).…”

Section: Nucleation Sites For Carbonatementioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-Art Review of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) for Ground Improvement: Applications and Prospects

et al. 2021

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The global construction industry consumes huge amounts of mined materials that are considered unsustainable for earth resources. In addition, Portland cement which is a key element in concrete and most construction materials is considered one of the main contributors to worldwide CO2 emissions. On the other hand, natural cemented soil deposits are examples of sustainable structures that have survived decades of severe environmental conditions. Mimicking these natural biological systems provide an alternative to the current practices of construction materials production. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a bio-inspired technique based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate for enhancing the geo-mechanical properties of soils. In this technique, calcium carbonate acts as a cementitious agent that binds the soil particles together at the points of contact, hence, increasing the strength and stiffness of treated soils, while relatively reducing the soil permeability and porosity. The achieved enhancements make EICP useful for applications such as ground improvement, construction materials, and erosion control over traditional binders. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of EICP for ground improvement including the fundamental basics of EICP treatment. The paper also discusses the chemical and physical factors affecting the performance of EICP such as enzyme source, enzyme activity and solution constitutes. Moreover, the paper reviews the different methods and testing techniques used in the application of EICP for soil treatment. Furthermore, the paper compares EICP with other biomineralization techniques in terms of performance and applicability on ground improvement. Finally, the paper discusses the research gaps and existing challenges concerning the commercialization and large-scale implementation of the technology.

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“…This hydrolysis reaction can be catalyzed by the enzyme urease 5 – 7 : This increases the pH of the solution, which, together with the produced bicarbonate ions, will induce precipitation of if a sufficient amount of calcium is available in the crystallization solution: The enzyme urease can be produced by microorganisms or extracted from plants 8 . This process described by Reactions 1 and 2 is referred to as microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) if the enzyme is provided by urease-producing bacteria strains 3 , 7 , 9 or as enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) if the free urease, for example plant-derived urease, is used to catalyze the hydrolysis of urea 10 . An advantage of EICP is that bacteria cells do not need to be cultivated before or during the reaction, resulting in a simpler production protocol for EICP biocementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sample cell for the study of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation at the grain-scale and its implications for biocementation

Zehner

Røyne

Sikorski

2021

Sci Rep

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Biocementation is commonly based on microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) or enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP), where biomineralization of $$\text {CaCO}_{3}$$ CaCO 3 in a granular medium is used to produce a sustainable, consolidated porous material. The successful implementation of biocementation in large-scale applications requires detailed knowledge about the micro-scale processes of $$\text {CaCO}_{3}$$ CaCO 3 precipitation and grain consolidation. For this purpose, we present a microscopy sample cell that enables real time and in situ observations of the precipitation of $$\text {CaCO}_{3}$$ CaCO 3 in the presence of sand grains and calcite seeds. In this study, the sample cell is used in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) which allows the monitoring in situ of local pH during the reaction. The sample cell can be disassembled at the end of the experiment, so that the precipitated crystals can be characterized with Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) without disturbing the sample. The combination of the real time and in situ monitoring of the precipitation process with the possibility to characterize the precipitated crystals without further sample processing, offers a powerful tool for knowledge-based improvements of biocementation.

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Crude Urease Extract for Biocementation

Cited by 78 publications

References 35 publications

A Review of Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP): The Role of Enzyme Kinetics

A Review of Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP): The Role of Enzyme Kinetics

State-of-the-Art Review of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) for Ground Improvement: Applications and Prospects

A sample cell for the study of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation at the grain-scale and its implications for biocementation

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