Cryo-SEM studies of latex/ceramic nanoparticle coating microstructure development

Luo, Haiwen; Scriven, L. E.; Francis, Lorraine F.

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.07.047

Cited by 38 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Contrary, at lower IS the larger Debye length favors repulsion of the charged copolymer chains and the formation of splotch-like particles. However, the observation of multiple morphologies on SEM and TEM images and even different structures depending on the sample preparation conditions demands cautious interpretation and additional studies with other characterization techniques avoiding drying artifacts such as cryogenic electron microscopy [43] or even in situ techniques such as X-ray absorption microscopy. [44,45] An important result of this study is the first experimental proof of the possibility to change properties of polymer dispersions due to targeted modification of the electrical double layer by coions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Ionic Strength Promotes the Formation of Spherical Copolymer Particles

Weber

Unterlass

Tauer

2011

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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A comprehensive experimental study of thermally initiated styrene‐styrene sulfonate emulsion copolymerization in the presence of 15 different low‐molecular‐weight electrolytes clarifies the enormous influence of both the concentration and nature of the added salt on the outcome of the polymerization. The ionic strength (IS) has a direct influence on the styrene sulfonate content in the final copolymer and determines whether the physical state of the final reaction product is a solution or dispersion. Stable latexes have been obtained for IS as high as 18 M. Electron microscopy images show irregularly shaped clusters at low and spherical particles at high IS. The properties of the copolymer molecules and dispersion can be additionally modified by the chemical properties of the counter‐ and coions introduced with the salt.magnified image

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Ionic Strength Promotes the Formation of Spherical Copolymer Particles

Weber

Unterlass

Tauer

2011

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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“…In some situations this is the main area of interest, however for a more complete characterisation it can be useful to obtain data from regions throughout the depth of the film. One technique that can be used to obtain such data is Cryo-SEM [1]. Figure 13 shows an image taken of a film containing particles of two differing sizes.…”

Section: Cryo-sem and Potential Issues With Afm Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autostratification in Drying Colloidal Dispersions: Experimental Investigations

et al. 2012

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In films cast from a colloidal dispersion comprised of two particle sizes, we experimentally examine the distribution of particles normal to the substrate. The particle concentrations at various positions in the film are determined through atomic force microscopy and NMR profiling. The results are compared to a previously derived diffusional model. Evidence for diffusional driven stratification is found, but the importance of other flows is also highlighted. The conditions that enhance particle stratification are found to be a colloidally stable dispersion, low initial volume fractions, a low concentration of the stratifying particle and for the Peclet numbers of the two components to straddle unity.

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“…When no water is present, the formation of merged ''pullouts'' indicates interdiffusion between neighboring particles. 29 As polymer chains diffuse across particle boundaries, the adhesion between particles is greatly enhanced; during fracture, merged ''pullouts'' that bridge the partially coalesced particles form. In the BL25 film (Fig.…”

Section: Film Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress development and film formation in multiphase composite latexes

Price

Wood

et al. 2014

J Coat Technol Res

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Designed appropriately, multiphase softcore/hard-shell latex particles can achieve film formation without the addition of a coalescing aid, while preserving sufficient film hardness. Achieving optimal performance in these materials requires an understanding of how particle morphology affects film formation and stress development in the film. In this study, soft-core/hard-shell latex particles with different shell ratios, core and shell glass transition temperatures (T g s), and particle sizes (63-177 nm) were synthesized using a two-stage emulsion polymerization. The film formation behavior of the composite particles was investigated with cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and measurements of the minimum film formation temperature (MFFT). Results show that film formation was enhanced for particles with thinner hard shells, smaller particle size, and a smaller difference in T g between the core and shell polymers. For example, the MFFT decreased and the particle deformation increased for particles with thinner shells and smaller particle sizes. Stress development during drying was characterized using a cantilever beam bending technique. A walled cantilever design was used to monitor stress development without the complication of a lateral drying front. The film formation behavior and stress development correlated well with practical paint properties like scrub resistance and gloss.

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Cryo-SEM studies of latex/ceramic nanoparticle coating microstructure development

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

High Ionic Strength Promotes the Formation of Spherical Copolymer Particles

High Ionic Strength Promotes the Formation of Spherical Copolymer Particles

Autostratification in Drying Colloidal Dispersions: Experimental Investigations

Stress development and film formation in multiphase composite latexes

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