Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides

Thiele, Frederik; Bruch, Felix vom; Brockmeier, Julian; Protte, Maximilian; Hummel, Thomas; Ricken, Raimund; Quiring, Viktor; Lengeling, Sebastian; Herrmann, Harald; Eigner, Christof; Silberhorn, Christine; Bartley, Tim J.

doi:10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…3. This modulation voltage is characterised to be 5.9 V at room temperature and increases to 6.6 V when cooled down to an operation temperature of 1 K. The increase in the V πvoltage is due to the temperature-dependent electro-optic coefficient which has been investigated previously [31,18]. In summary, our electro-optic modulator reaches a modulation strength of 23.6 Vcm at an operation wavelength of 1530 nm.…”

Section: Michelson Interferometermentioning

confidence: 50%

“…The readout of the generated click signal is realised by modulating the intensity of an electro-optic modulator operated at cryogenic temperatures. We choose a titanium in-diffused lithium niobate electro-optic modulator because of its proven operation at cryogenic temperatures [15,18]. Furthermore, we can achieve fibre-to-fibre optical coupling up to 43% with single mode fibres even at 1 K [15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, cryogenic electro-optic modulation has been investigated for photonic circuits across a variety of platforms [13,14,15,16,17,18]. In particular, the electrooptic readout of superconducting single photon detectors both with and without intermediate amplifiers have been investigated [19,14,20].…”

Section: Cryostat 1k Optical Bias Single Photons Signal Acquisition O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these applications, the click signal of an SNSPD detection event is delivered to an electro-optic modulator, modulating an optical throughput which is subsequently read out at room temperature. The operation voltage for intensity modulators have been reported to be in a range from 100 mV to 10 V at cryogenic temperatures [13,14,16,18]. Bridging the gap between the low amplitude output of the superconducting detector to these voltages is non-trivial in a cryogenic environment.…”

Section: Cryostat 1k Optical Bias Single Photons Signal Acquisition O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface

Thiele¹,

Hummel²,

McCaughan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Advanced electro-optic processing combines electrical control with optical modulation and detection. For quantum photonic applications these processes must be carried out at the single photon level with high efficiency and low noise. Integrated quantum photonics has made great strides achieving single photon manipulation by combining key components on integrated chips which are operated by external driving electronics. Nevertheless, electrical interconnects between driving electronics and the electro-optic components, some of which require cryogenic operating conditions, can introduce parasitic effects. Here we show an all-optical interface which simultaneously delivers the operation power to, and extracts the measurement signal from, an advanced photonic circuit, namely, bias and readout of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) on a single stage in a 1K cryostat. To do so, we supply all power for the single photon detector, output signal conditioning, and electro-optic readout using optical interconnects alone, thereby fully decoupling the cryogenic circuitry from the external environment. This removes the need to heatsink electrical connections, and potentially offers low-loss, high-bandwidth signal processing. This method opens the possibility to operate other advanced electrically decoupled photonic circuits such as optical control and readout of superconducting circuits, and feedforward for photonic quantum computing.

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Section: Michelson Interferometermentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cryostat 1k Optical Bias Single Photons Signal Acquisition O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cryostat 1k Optical Bias Single Photons Signal Acquisition O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface

Thiele¹,

Hummel²,

McCaughan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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show abstract

“…The first cryogenic electro-optic modulators were demonstrated in the 90s [7,10,[15][16][17]. Nowadays three main modulator schemes exist for cryogenic operation, such as phase-shifter, directional coupler, and polarization converter [9,11]. Integrated superconducting single-photon detectors are successfully shown for weakly confined waveguide structures [18][19][20], and as well on thin film lithium niobate [8,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics

Thiele,

Hummel,

Lange

et al. 2024

Mater. Quantum. Technol.

Self Cite

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Lithium niobate has emerged as a promising platform for integrated quantum optics, enabling efficient generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light. However, integrating single-photon detectors requires cryogenic operating temperatures, since the best performing detectors are based on narrow superconducting wires. While previous studies have demonstrated the operation of quantum light sources and electro-optic modulators in LiNbO3 at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal transition between room temperature and cryogenic conditions introduces additional effects that can significantly influence device performance. In this paper, we investigate the generation of pyroelectric charges and their impact on the optical properties of lithium niobate waveguides when changing from room temperature to 25 K, and vice versa. We measure the generated pyroelectric charge flow and correlate this with fast changes in the birefringence acquired through the Sénarmont-method. Both electrical and optical influence of the pyroelectric effect occur predominantly at temperatures above 100 K.

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Monolithic thin-film lithium niobate broadband spectrometer with one nanometre resolution

Finco,

Li,

Pohl

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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Miniaturised optical spectrometers are attractive due to their small footprint, low weight, robustness and stability even in harsh environments such as space or industrial facilities. We report on a stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometer featuring a measured optical bandwidth of 325 nm and a theoretical spectral resolution of 1.2 nm. We fabricate and test on lithium niobate-on-insulator to take full advantage of the platform, namely electro-optic modulation, broad transparency range and the low optical loss achieved thanks to matured fabrication techniques. We use the electro-optic effect and develop innovative layouts to overcome the undersampling limitations and improve the spectral resolution, thus providing a framework to enhance the performance of all devices sharing the same working principle. With our work, we add another important element to the portfolio of integrated lithium-niobate optical devices as our spectrometer can be combined with multiple other building blocks to realise functional, monolithic and compact photonic integrated circuits.

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Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface

All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface

Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics

Monolithic thin-film lithium niobate broadband spectrometer with one nanometre resolution

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