Cryogenic Treatment of Metal – A Review

Sonar, Tushar; Lomte, Sachin; Gogte, C. L.

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.324

Cited by 71 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The increase in the number of new precipitates in the examined magnesium alloy after sub-zero treatment can be explained by the formation of new nucleation sites as a result of volumetric contraction, generation of high stresses, and storage of deformation energy, as well as a reduction in the parameters of the alloy’s crystal lattice. Similar observations were described in Sonar’s work regarding cryogenic treatment of metals and alloys [ 27 ]. Deep cryogenic treatment makes it possible to reduce the time needed to obtain a similar number of precipitates by half as compared to an alloy subjected to the heat treatment itself, and also reduces the grain growth, which has an adverse effect on the wear and properties of a magnesium alloy containing rare earth metals [ 18 , 49 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…However, previous studies have mainly involved steel [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] and magnesium alloys with aluminum [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] and gadolinium [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The main effect of deep cryogenic treatment in the case of non-ferrous metal alloys forming systems with limited solubility of the other component is an increase in the number of nucleation sites of the secondary phase particles, and thus an increase in the number of precipitates [ 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Sclerometrical, Mechanical, and Wear Behavior of Mg-Y-Nd Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Heat Treatment

et al. 2021

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The paper investigates changes in the structure, microhardness, and sclerometrical and tribological properties of a Mg-Y-Nd alloy under the influence of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) in combination with heat treatment. The solution treatment was carried out at 545 °C for 8 h, aging was carried out at 250 °C for 24 h, and the deep cryogenic treatment applied at different treatment stages was performed at −196 °C. Tests showed a significant increase in the number of β-phase precipitates identified as Mg46.1Y6.25RE3.45 in the alloy subjected to DCT after solution treatment followed by aging. In addition, an approximately 20% reduction of the grain size was observed. Changes in the structure in the precipitation process strengthened the alloy and resulted in an increase of its hardness. At the same time, sclerometric tests allowed the micromechanism of wear and the coefficient of resistance to abrasive wear to be determined. Tribological tests showed a three-fold reduction in the volumetric wear and a considerable reduction of the friction coefficient, with the main mechanism observed during friction being abrasive wear. The most favorable properties of the alloy were obtained after precipitation hardening combined with DCT, resulting in a large increase in resistance to abrasive wear. Additionally, the formation of deep scratches in the examined material was reduced. The introduction of sub-zero treatment reduces the precipitation hardening time, and the results obtained indicate that the service life of the Mg-Y-Nd alloy can be extended.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sclerometrical, Mechanical, and Wear Behavior of Mg-Y-Nd Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Heat Treatment

et al. 2021

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“…DCT of metallic materials is reported to induce the conversion of retained austenite into martensite, carbon redistribution and site reduction [46], reduction of free energy of crystal structure [50], precipitation of fine submicroscopic carbides [22,23,25,29,41,51] and precipitation of secondary and tertiary carbides [46,[52][53][54]. DCT is a very valuable tool, when dealing with the improvement of the material's properties.…”

Section: Deep Cryogenic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications

Jovičević-Klug

Podgornik

2020

Metals

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With the development of society, every year there are increasing demands in the automotive industry on cost savings, environmental safety, reduction of raw material consumption, performance improvement, material life cycle and recycling of components. In this review, emphasis is given on ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, which are used as components, where both groups can be treated by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). DCT has shown to increase hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance, reduce density of defects in crystal structure, improve toughness and corrosion resistance. Though, some researchers also reported results that showed no change in material properties, or even deterioration of material properties, when subjected to DCT. This additionally points out to lack of consistency and reliability of the DCT process, which is needed for its successful incorporation in automotive applications. However, to prove with certainty the resulting outcome on the material properties and knowledge about the reasons for the variation of this effect on metallic materials, further approach and testing with different variables should be conducted in the future. This review provides a synopsis of different approaches of DCT on different materials for automotive applications in order to indicate effects on the material performance during DCT.

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“…This transformation has regularly been quantified and verified via X-ray diffraction (XRD) [3,4,19,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. However, it has also been observed that alloys that are already fully martensitic can exhibit markedly improved wear resistance after DCT, even though there is no change to the martensite volume fraction [31]; this is commonly referred to as the conditioning of the martensite [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of the Dislocation Density, Size, and Volume Fraction of Precipitates in Deep Cryogenically Treated Martensitic Steels

Antony

Schmerl

Соколова

et al. 2020

Metals

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Two groups of martensitic alloys were examined for changes induced by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). The first group was a range of binary and ternary compositions with 0.6 wt % carbon, and the second group was a commercial AISI D2 tool steel. X-ray diffraction showed that DCT made two changes to the microstructure: retained austenite was transformed to martensite, and the dislocation density of the martensite was increased. This increase in dislocation density was consistent for all alloys, including those that did not undergo phase transformation during DCT. It is suggested that the increase in dislocation density may be caused by local differences in thermal expansion within the heterogeneous martensitic structure. Then, samples were tempered, and the cementite size distribution was examined using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and atom probe tomography. First principles calculations confirmed that all magnetic scattering originated in cementite and not carbon clusters. Quantitative SANS analysis showed a measurable change in cementite size distribution for all alloys as a result of prior DCT. It is proposed that the increase in dislocation density that results from DCT modifies the cementite precipitation through enhanced diffusion rates and increased cementite nucleation sites.

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Cryogenic Treatment of Metal – A Review

Cited by 71 publications

References 35 publications

The Sclerometrical, Mechanical, and Wear Behavior of Mg-Y-Nd Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Heat Treatment

The Sclerometrical, Mechanical, and Wear Behavior of Mg-Y-Nd Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Heat Treatment

Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications

Quantification of the Dislocation Density, Size, and Volume Fraction of Precipitates in Deep Cryogenically Treated Martensitic Steels

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