“…Alternative cryoprotective agents include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, polyethylene oxide (PEO-1500, PEO-400), PVP, hydroxycellulose, disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, trehalose), as well as macromolecules of dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, etc. They are used as basic CPAs and in combination with low doses of DMSO [7,24,43,94,118]. Thus, over the past two decades, much attention has been paid to a disaccharide such as trehalose, due to its unique properties to promote the formation of vitreous ice, as well as maintaining thermodynamic stability of cell membranes, ability to inhibit lipid phase transition and lipid separation during freezing [29,122].…”