“…Up to now, a large number of image cryptosystems based on chaotic systems have been found to be unsafe [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. These cryptosystems cannot resist chosen/known plaintext attacks [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41] because they possess plaintext-unrelated equivalent keys. A chosen plaintext attack method in [32] cracked the scheme in [24] with only 18 attacks for 256×256-sized images.…”