I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors for constant support and reasonable criticism of my research efforts. I doubt, that I could finish my Ph. D. study without their inspiration and passion about the research area I have chosen. First, I would like to thank Associate Professor Chang Chip-Hong, who offered me a research scholarship in Nanyang Technological University (NTU). It has been a great experience to work in world-class research group which is recognized all over the world. Prof. Chang has given many insights on critical thinking via research paper reviewing. His experience and expertise in the research influenced great improvement in my research and experimental design skills, paper writing and general knowledge. Then, I would like to thank Alexander A. Ivaniuk, Professor of