Cryptanalysis of RC4(n, m) stream cipher

Orumiehchiha, Mohammad Ali; Pieprzyk, Josef; Shakour, Elham; Steinfeld, Ron

doi:10.1145/2523514.2523615

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In [32], Jindal et al proposed three improved RC4 algorithms based on RC4+, which improve the randomness of key stream and shortened the encryption time. In [33], Orumiehchiha et al summarized the merits and demerits of RC4(n, m) algorithm and proposed a key recovery attack method to crack the RC4(n, m) state.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the development of distributed technology, the efficiency of brute force attacks will be further improved. MedSecrecy algorithm adopts a 512 bytes key length which is 2 times longer than that of RC4 [18], RC4(n, m) [33], RC4+ [31], RC4-M2 [32], RC4-2S [34]. Note that our algorithm employs the double S-box, double key scrambling and double key cross zigzag replacement methods.…”

Section: E: Brute Force Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Secure Energy-Saving Communication and Encrypted Storage Model Based on RC4 for EHR

Zhang

Liu

2020

IEEE Access

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The commercialization of 5G has greatly promoted the development of medical Internet of Things (IoT). More medical devices connected to the Internet may further increase the communication power consumption. Meanwhile, privacy protection technique in cloud computing cannot match the rapid development of medical applications. Therefore, exploring secure, balanced and energy-efficient data transmission between medical devices and cloud servers is extremely challenging. This paper focuses on the security and energy consumption of medical electronic health record (EHR) data transmission and storage between cloud server and IoT device users. We build a secure energy-saving communication and encrypted storage model by adding secure energy-saving communication scheme and encryption algorithm to the traditional medical cloud model. Specifically, we propose a communication authentication algorithm MedGreen based on elliptic curve and bilinear pair. In the algorithm, the two communication parties can complete the key establishment and identity authentication only after one communication, which effectively balances the resource overhead of the key center and the user, and resists the Man-in-the-middle attack. Aiming at the characteristics of large repetition and high sensitivity of medical data, we present a secure data storage algorithm MedSecrecy based on Huffman compression and RC4. The algorithm not only maintains the RC4 encryption efficiency, reduces the amount of cipher text data, but also improves confidentiality, randomness and security of the key stream. Comprehensive analysis and simulations show that our system is secure, energy-saving and highly efficient for EHR. INDEX TERMS Electronic health records (EHR), Internet of Things (IoT), secure communication, data encryption, privacy protection.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E: Brute Force Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Secure Energy-Saving Communication and Encrypted Storage Model Based on RC4 for EHR

Zhang

Liu

2020

IEEE Access

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“…The RC4 algorithm was proposed by Ron Rivest in 1987 and kept secret as a trade until it was leaked in 1994 [10]. It is a set of stream words of size n-bits [11]. RC4 starts with the permutation and uses a secret key to produce a random permutation with KSA.…”

Section: Description Of Rc4 Ciphermentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing RC4 Algorithm Using S-Box of Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher

Al¹

2018

IJCDS

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RC4 stream cipher is one of the most significant symmetric cryptosystems, it is simple and used in many commercial products. RC4 uses dynamic permutations and avoids using Linear Feed Back Shift Register (LFSR). It has many weaknesses, such as the tendency in the generated key stream that some key bytes are biased toward different values. This paper presents a new algorithm using S-box of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to solve the correlation between public known outputs of the internal state. The state table is filled from S-box values and additional swapping operations are used. The analysis of the proposed algorithm over variable key length produces key byte streams that have no single and double bias. This paper obtains a new algorithm that combines the efficiency of the RC4 and robustness of AES. The results show that the sequences that are generated by the developed RC4 are more random than the sequence that was generated by the RC4. Also, the developed algorithm demands little time more than RC4 execution time. Additionally, the developed algorithm is robust against most attacks, such as distinguishing attack and can be used in different protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol, Oracle Secure SQL, and Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Protocol.

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“…It is very fast and simple in design [16]. The internal state is an array S of (2n words) [17]. RC4 has a variable length of the key that ranges between (0 -255) bytes for initializing an array of 256 bytes in the initial state (State [0] to State [255]) [2].RC4 is carried out in two phases: The first is the key scheduling algorithm (KSA).…”

Section: Rc4 Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of RC4 Algorithm by using Two State Tables and Initial State Factorial

Searan¹,

Sagheer²

2016

IJCNIS

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Abstract-RC4 algorithm is one of the most significant stream and symmetric cryptographic algorithms, it is simple and used in various commercial products, it has many weaknesses such as a bias in the key stream that some key bytes are biased toward some values. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed by using initial state factorial to solve the correlation issue between public known outputs of the internal state by using an additional state table with the same length as that of the state to contain the factorial of initial state elements. The analysis of RC4 and developed RC4 algorithm is done based on their single bias and double byte bias and shows that many keystream output bytes of RC4 are produced key stream bytes that are biased to many linear combinations while developed RC4 key bytes have no single and double biases. The results show that the series that is generated by developed RC4 is more random than that generated by RC4 and the developed algorithm is faster than RC4 execution time and requires less time. Additionally, the developed algorithm is robust against many attacks such as distinguishing attack.

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Cryptanalysis of RC4(n, m) stream cipher

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

A Secure Energy-Saving Communication and Encrypted Storage Model Based on RC4 for EHR

A Secure Energy-Saving Communication and Encrypted Storage Model Based on RC4 for EHR

Developing RC4 Algorithm Using S-Box of Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher

Modification of RC4 Algorithm by using Two State Tables and Initial State Factorial

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